Gifting Giving 23: Ideas for Your Favorite Anthropologists/Anthropology Interested Persons

Biannually I dedicate blog posts to the presentation of gifts that may be suitable for anthropologists or individuals interested in anthropology (any and all subfields).  As we are nearing the end of the traditional semester and quickly approaching graduation season it seems appropriate to dedicate a post to this very topic.  Below are some of the latest additions to the list of gift ideas that may be appropriate for your anthropologically interested person.

 

Archaeology

In the northern hemisphere the archaeological field seasons are beginning (if not in full swing).  As archaeologists spend quite a bit of time outdoors they need to have appropriate gear to help them safely conduct their work.  They also have been clothed as per social norms.  Therefore this archaeological inspired t-shirt may be a great gift, particularly for any archaeologically minded individual who is annoyed about pseudoarchaeological ideas and concepts.  This "Archaeologists Against Ancient Aliens" shirt is available for sale through Teewingo's Etsy shop. 

Cultural Anthropology

Cultural anthropologists spend a lot of time observing human behavior in order to understand aspects of the people and cultures they are studying.  This requires the creation of field notes,which are recorded through various ways.  If the individual you are seeking a gift for is old school in that they write their notes down then this customizable journal may be the perfect fit.  It is offered through SwellsFabDesigns Etsy shop.

Biological Anthropology

Biological anthropologists come in all sorts of shapes and sizes (a reference to the diversity of areas of study within this subfield).  It has been a minute since we paid homage to the forensic anthropological aspects of this subfield, and as these individuals often have to carry a lot of gear with them why not get them a handy dandy forensic themed tote?  You can lend a helping hand with this one from CarusoCustomC that is available on Etsy.

Linguistic Anthropology

Finding the right gift for the linguistic anthropologist that you know may seem like a daunting task, but it does not have to be if you follow the K(eep).I(t).S(imple).S(illy) philosophy.  With this in mind this enamel pin might be it.  You may not understand it, but the linguistic anthropologist will understand not to stress out as much as you did over said gift. ;)  It is available through RadGirlCreations Etsy shop.

 

 

Gift Giving Guide 22: Ideas for Your Favorite Anthropologists/Anthropology Interested Persons

Biannually I dedicate blog posts to the presentation of gifts that may be suitable for anthropologists or individuals interested in anthropology (any and all subfields).  As we are nearing the end of the traditional semester and quickly approaching graduation season it seems appropriate to dedicate a post to this very topic.  Below are some of the latest additions to the list of gift ideas that may be appropriate for your anthropologically interested person.

 

Archaeology

Do you dig an archaeologist or an individual interested in archaeology?  (Get it?!)  If you are in the northern hemisphere then the archaeologists are more than likely working in the lab as the weather conditions may not be favorable for more extensive fieldwork.  An archaeological themed mug with a bit of humor may be what you need!  This one from MeteorcatMugs is an excellent option.

Cultural Anthropology

Cultural anthropologists study modern cultures, specifically the people and their belief systems, norms, values, behaviors, and more.  While there are various types of gift options for these anthropologists one thing is certain: they often have to wear something before going out into the field and while out in it.  This unisex and customizable shirt may be an optimal option, particularly as it features several of the important anthropological theorists who have helped shape this anthropological subfield.  You can purchase it through Revise and Resubmit.

Biological Anthropology

Biological anthropology is the broadest of the four subfields, meaning there are numerous gifting options for anyone with an interest in biological anthropology.  Despite this we suggest socks.  Why?  Because who does not like socks?  Even if they do not like socks they may need them, so these funky unisex Neanderthal socks will keep the giftee's feet warm while they look smart, like our Neanderthal ancestors.  These are available through Historical Socks. 

Linguistic Anthropology

Language and culture are the jams of linguistic anthropologists.  There are various ways that these anthropologists can and do conduct their studies, be it transcribing recordings or conducting interviews in the field.  While this gift idea is not conducive to all aspects of linguistic anthropological work this IPA themed blanket might be something cozy and warm for them to curl up in.  This blanket can be customized (color wise) to meet the needs of the linguistic anthropologist while they work-be it while they listen, transcribe, or think.  It is available through VT Stuttering Therapy.

Gift Giving Guide 21: Ideas for Presents for Your Favorite Anthropologist(s)

Biannually I dedicate blog posts to the presentation of gifts that may be suitable for anthropologists or individuals interested in anthropology (any and all subfields).  As we are nearing the end of the traditional semester and quickly approaching graduation season it seems appropriate to dedicate a post to this very topic.  Below are some of the latest additions to the list of gift ideas that may be appropriate for your anthropologically interested person.

 

Gifts for the Cultural Anthropologist

Cultural anthropologists study various aspects of living cultural groups, making the possibilities for gifts endless.  As cultural anthropology is also the foundation of all of the remaining anthropological subfields this gift may be just right.  It is a customizable anthropology poster, and you can change up the color scheme and the name.  The gift receiver need not be a Ph.D. holder, so the Dr. Name need not apply.  It is available through Twenty3Stars. 

For the Linguistic Anthropologist

Linguistic anthropologists are all about language and culture, and there are various places that they may go to complete their fieldwork.  Many linguistic anthropologists, however, do a lot of work behind a computer screen, be it recording, transcribing, conducting background research, or even communicating with informants.  This sticker that shows a love for linguistic anthropology, particularly for introverts, may be the perfect piece for the linguistic anthropologist you know.  You can acquire this from SpaceDogLaika.

For the Biological Anthropologist

The broadest of the four subfields is biological anthropology, which means that finding the appropriate gift for the biological anthropologist you know may be difficult.  If, however, the biological anthropologist you know is in any way tied to genetics this pencil holder shaped like a double helix (the form of DNA) could do just the trick!  This special gift is available through 3DAmerica.

For the Archaeologist

Archaeologists can be found in the summer months working out in the field, surveying and excavating archaeological sites.  They do, however, deserve something special to showcase their talents.  While this option may not help them work it is a reminder of their greatness that they can view while working in the lab or filing out necessary paperwork.  Purchase this customizable name plate through BuzzyCraft.

 

Gift Giving Guide 20: Ideas for Presents for Your Favorite Anthropologist(s)

Biannually I dedicate blog posts to the presentation of gifts that may be suitable for anthropologists or individuals interested in anthropology (any and all subfields).  As we are nearing the end of the traditional semester and quickly approaching graduation season it seems appropriate to dedicate a post to this very topic.  Below are some of the latest additions to the list of gift ideas that may be appropriate for your anthropologically interested person.

 

Archaeology Gift Idea

Customizable archaeology themed candle available through 22ndofOctober

Archaeologists spend a lot of time outdoors throughout the year, but they spend most of their time indoors during the cold winter months.  This allows them to analyze artifacts, conduct research, and write reports.  A candle may not be necessary to complete these types of work, but it can be a comfort.  This candle is customizable with scent, allowing you to pick from vanilla, sea breeze, or comfort spice options.  You can purchase this item from 22ndofOctober.

Biological Anthropology Gift Idea

Hominid bookmarks available through Paleorex

Winter time is also the time for research and data analysis for various biological anthropologists, who often conduct their fieldwork in the spring, summer, and possibly fall.  A lot of background research is required for their work, meaning they may require something to help keep their place and organized through this process.  These paleoanthropological bookmarks may be the perfect gift idea, particularly as they also contain important information pertaining to important hominid species: Australopithecines and Homo erectus.  You can snag these from Paleorex.

 

Cultural Anthropology Gift Idea

An anthropology themed pin available through RedWolfLTD

Cultural anthropologists are expects in people watching, and each cultural anthropologists has their own way of capturing the information they observe.  This can make picking a gift a little tricky, but this pin from RedWolfLTD may be perfect.  It is cheeky but accurate, and it can be worn on clothing, a bag, hat, or other item.

Linguistic Anthropology Gift Idea

Phonetic alphabet chart for pronunciation by Mindhue

Sounds are a key aspect of language.  There are different sounds that exist in every language, and learning how to pronounce those sounds and putting them together allows one to learn to speak a language.  This also gives individuals other insights into language, which are topics of interest for linguistic anthropologists.  This Phonetic Alphabet Chart for American English pronunciation may be a handy dandy guide or a perfect statement piece for the linguistic anthropologist you know.  It is available through Mindhue.

 

Gift Giving Guide 19: Ideas for Presents for Your Favorite Anthropologist(s)

Biannually I dedicate blog posts to the presentation of gifts that may be suitable for anthropologists or individuals interested in anthropology (any and all subfields).  As we are nearing the end of the traditional semester and quickly approaching graduation season it seems appropriate to dedicate a post to this very topic.  Below are some of the latest additions to the list of gift ideas that may be appropriate for your anthropologically interested person.

Cultural Anthropology Gift Idea

The weather may be warmer, but who does not like a cozy and comfy sweatshirt?  This versatile item works for any anthropologist (regardless of subfield, gender identity, etc.), but we think that this is an excellent addition to the wardrobe of a cultural anthropologist given the emphasis on cultural studies.  You can customize by color and size, or check out the other options offered by Preet Parmar Designs to select a better fit for the cultural anthropologist you know. 

This Anthropologist: A Human Scientists and Cultural Analyst Sweatshirt is available through Preet Parmar Designs

 

Biological (Physical) Anthropology Gift Idea

If the biological anthropologist you know is interested in primatology, a fan of chimpanzees and/or Jane Goodall, wants to make a difference, or just likes socks then this unisex option may be the perfect fit!  Available through Maggie Stern Stitches, along with a variety of other socks and accessories!

Jane Goodall and Greybeard socks available through Maggie Stern Stitches

 

Linguistic Anthropology Gift Idea

Linguistic anthropologists do a lot of listening and often a lot of talking, which can lead to a thirst that requires quenching.  Be it their thirst for knowledge or satisfying beverage of choice this mug that brags about their awesomeness could hit the spot!  Check it out with Gifteye! 

A mug of varying sizes for that awesome linguist is available through Gifteye

Archaeology Gift Idea

 Archaeologists are expected to do a lot of things out in the field, including but not limited to surveying, excavating, mapping, illustrating, and taking detailed notes.  Why not give them a gift that they can really use with this handy notebook created by Artsaeologist Design.  If the notebook is not what you are looking for feel free to peruse their other archaeological options, which include pins, backpacks, stickers, and more!

 

Spiral archaeology notebook with dotted pages makes for a functional gift for the archaeologist you happen to know.  Available through Artsaeologist Designs

Gift Giving Guide 18: Ideas for Presents for Your Favorite Anthropologist(s)

Every year I dedicate two blog posts to something a little different and fun: gifts for the anthropologist.  I attempt to highlight handmade and/or fair trade items as these most closely mirror the values of anthropology in cultural understanding and preservation.  If you happen to know an anthropologist, someone with interests in anthropology, an anthropology major or graduate, or someone who shares these same values feel free to look into one of these amazing gifts.

 

 Gift Idea for the Cultural Anthropologist

If the cultural anthropologist in your life is into Christmas and good humor then this Christmas themed mug that plays off of the common sociocultural anthropological method of participant observation may be the perfect gift to give!  This item is available through Tin Zilly, and you can customize it by size or add additional flair.

 Gift Idea for the Archaeologist

Continuing on with the theme of Christmas and from the same seller (Tin Zilly) this future pot sherd ornament may be a smash hit with the archaeologist in your life.  We hope that it is smashed long after it has been first gifted, though, but it can continue to be loved by an archaeologist if and when it breaks.

Gift Idea for a Linguistic Anthropologist

You may be sensing a theme thus far, specifically in that Christmas is featured prominently thus far.  To keep with that theme but also deviate slightly here's a gift for a linguistic anthropologist that promotes language and peace.  It may be more secular given the peaceful theme, and the number of languages featured also provides greater applicability to any linguist.  This trinket dish is available through Hope Moon UK.

Gift Idea for a Biological Anthropologist

At this point the Christmas theme is completely severed, much like the digits that make up the bony element of this gift.  Functional Anatomy makes a variety of anatomical gifts, and these metacarpal magnets can help point you in the right direction in pleasing the biological anthropologist you know.  Note, if this is not right feel free to peruse the other options as there is more to choose from with this store!

 

 

Gift Giving Guide 17: Finding the Best Present for Your Favorite (Budding and/or Established) Anthropologists

 

Every year I dedicate two blog posts to something a little different and fun: gifts for the anthropologist.  I attempt to highlight handmade and/or fair trade items as these most closely mirror the values of anthropology in cultural understanding and preservation.  If you happen to know an anthropologist, someone with interests in anthropology, an anthropology major or graduate, or someone who shares these same values feel free to look into one of these amazing gifts.

 

A gift idea for the Cultural Anthropologist

Cultural, or sociocultural, anthropologists interact with the people they are studying, requiring extensive note taking and recording of oral and visual interviews.  This can be very cumbersome, but this journal with storage might hit the spot.  Available to customize for paper size and personalizations you can purchase this item through BarKraft.

Travel Journal with storage available through BarKraft.

 

A gift idea for the Biological Anthropologist

Biological anthropology is the most broad of the four anthropological subfields, but if the biological anthropologist in your life studies human evolution or primates then this little statuette may be just right!  Created by 3D Miscellaneous this item can act as a decoration or paper weight, making it versatile and perfect!

Human evolution desk sign available through 3D Miscellaneous

A gift idea for the Linguistic Anthropologist

If linguistic anthropology makes your favorite anthropologist happy then help them convey that with this phonetically spelled necklace that expresses just that!  Created by SoFlo Speech this Haepi necklace is an excellent gift option for the linguistic anthropologist in your life.  It can be customized by color, pendant style, and chain length.

Haepi (happy) necklace by SoFlo Speech

A gift idea for the Archaeological Anthropologist

Archaeologists can work in some pretty harsh environments, related to being out in the field during a variety of weather conditions in either urban or rural environments.  Safety is a key factor for archaeologists, so this safety vest offered by Archaeology Outfitter is both practical and appropriate.  This vest comes in either orange or yellow and is embroidered with archaeologist on the chest, making it clear who and why the person is wearing it.  Everything in this shop is geared toward the needs of archaeologists, meaning if this is not what you are looking to give there are other options to choose from!

Safety vest for the archaeologist by Archaeology Outfitter

Gift Giving Guide 16: Finding the Best Present for Your Favorite (Budding and/or Established) Anthropologists

Every year I dedicate two blog posts to something a little different and fun: gifts for the anthropologist.  I attempt to highlight handmade and/or fair trade items as these most closely mirror the values of anthropology in cultural understanding and preservation.  If you happen to know an anthropologist, someone with interests in anthropology, an anthropology major or graduate, or someone who shares these same values feel free to look into one of these amazing gifts.

 

A gift idea for the Cultural Anthropologist

Tree of Life Universal Religion Ornament available through Anatomology

While not all cultural anthropologists study religion they do study cultures.  Religion is part of culture.  Therefore this ornament may be the best gift this holiday season.  The giftee can use this for the holiday or all year round to celebrate the religious and cultural diversity that exists globally.  This and various other anthropological gifts is available through Anatomology. 

A gift idea for the Archaeological Anthropologist

This archaeologically themed bag is available through SpaceAdventure1

 

Archaeologists have to haul their gear to sites, so this appropriately themed bag may be an excellent gift idea!  While it won't hold all of the field necessities it can carry several of the key ones.  Furthermore, this bag can be used on the off season to carry anything and almost everything the giftee needs.  Check this item out at SpaceAdventure1. 

 

A gift idea for the Linguistic Anthropologist

Linguistic anthropology themed mug is available through AmendableMugs

Does your favorite linguistic anthropologist like Pho?  Do they just like mugs?  Maybe coffee or tea?  If you answered yes to any or all of the above then this is the best gift!  This versatile mug is made in the USA, dishwasher and microwave safe, and safe for all types of food and drink.  It is available through AmendableMugs.

A gift idea for the Biological Anthropologist

Customized chocolates available through LindyPopChocs

 

These adorable and delicious chocolates might be the sweetest treat that you give this holiday season, and they are available in two different variations of chocolate.  They are customizable in the sense of the message you wish to add to the pyramid, and LindyPopChocs has various other archaeological options (e.g. ancient Rome) and anthropological (e.g. ancient fossils, teeth, and travel) if this does not work for your special giftee.

 

Gift Giving Guide 15: Finding the Best Present for Your Favorite (Budding and/or Established) Anthropologists

 Every year I dedicate two blog posts to something a little different and fun: gifts for the anthropologist.  I attempt to highlight handmade and/or fair trade items as these most closely mirror the values of anthropology in cultural understanding and preservation.  If you happen to know an anthropologist, someone with interests in anthropology, an anthropology major or graduate, or someone who shares these same values feel free to look into one of these amazing gifts.

 

A gift idea for the Cultural Anthropologist

Cultural anthropologists navigate the complicated social worlds that modern humans occupy and exist in.  Sometimes cultural anthropologists derive inspiration for their work through a specific anthropologist.  For those who turn to Zora Neale Hurston this t-shirt may be the perfect gift!  Created by BushwickTrader, it comes in three color options, meaning you have some customizable options!

A gift idea for the Archaeologist

Archaeologists spend their time interpreting the material cultural evidence of the past, which they often collect through thorough and precise excavations.  To better help them accomplish this work perhaps a custom made trowel and trowel sheath (to protect the trowel and the user) is the perfect gift!  TheAnvilandYew shop makes two different sized trowels, providing versatility in your purchase.  The trowel sheath (pictured below) comes separately, and while not required it may make a perfect addition to your special gift.

 Gifts for Linguistic Anthropologists

 Learning about the intersections of language and culture can be exciting, but it also requires sustenance.  This linguistic themed glass may be the perfect thing for the linguistic anthropologist in your life.  Created by RealPeopleGoods they offer a variety of options for this morpheme inspired treat, meaning if you don't want this glass you can get another, or a t-shirt, or something more suited for your gift receiver!  

Gifts for Biological (Physical) Anthropologists

The broadest of the four subfields, encompassing everything biologically related to the human species (and nonhuman primates), it can sometimes be difficult to find the perfect gift for the biological anthropologist.  Regardless of their specific area of interest or expertise perhaps these inspirational signs, quoting renowned primatologist, Jane Goodall, are the right fit!  These pieces are created by the talented MirandaLMcNulty, whose shop has various other options if you need to find something different.

Gift Giving Guide 14: Finding the Best Present for Your Favorite Anthropologists

Every year I dedicate two blog posts to something a little different and fun: gifts for the anthropologist.  I attempt to highlight handmade and/or fair trade items as these most closely mirror the values of anthropology in cultural understanding and preservation.  If you happen to know an anthropologist, someone with interests in anthropology, an anthropology major or graduate, or someone who shares these same values feel free to look into one of these amazing gifts.

 

A gift idea for the Cultural Anthropologist

Sociocultural anthropologists are studying living groups in new and different ways these days, on account of the pandemic.  Many are focusing on how the pandemic is changing cultural ways, while others are continuing their previous research in new and innovative ways.  As such these two gift ideas may be appropriate for the sociocultural anthropologist you know:

Help keep your sociocultural anthropologist friend or family member safe with this appropriately themed mask (above), available through RealPeopleGoods.  Otherwise, this compact mirror (below) could be of great utility, too, as mirrors provide a great deal of use outside of just looking at one's own reflection.  It can be a great conversation piece or opener to make contact with someone.  It is available through AnomalyDesign.  

A gift idea for the Archaeologist

Archaeologists study past cultural groups through excavations of sites.  They search out artifacts, such as stone points and tools, ceramics, textiles, and more, to interpret what past people were doing at the site's location.  To this end some archaeologists like to wear their archaeological practices on them to showcase their passion and love for the field. 

This lithics pendant (above), made by TCustom, could be worn as a necklace or attached to a ring and made as a key chain.  It is perfect for the lithics specialist or flint knapper that you may know.  Alternatively, this stratigraphy face mask (below), by The Science Boutique, is an excellent accessory both in and out of the field of the archaeologist you know.  Keep them safe during and after the pandemic with this functional piece.

Gifts for Linguistic Anthropologists

Linguistic anthropologists are exploring language changes and language revitalization in new, dynamic ways through the pandemic.  While they are busy working they still need to protect themselves, so these gifts might be the right thing for them.

 

This mask (above) highlights to the study of sounds, which is the study of phonetics, and it, too, is available through RealPeopleGoods.  While not a clear or "smile" mask it could provide necessary protection to the linguistic anthropologist as they converse with their informants.  They could also look quite trendy and relevant in this speech nerd tshirt (below), available through Speech Geek Company. 

Gifts for Biological (Physical) Anthropologists

Biological (physical) anthropologists study a range of biological aspects of humans, ranging from primatology to human evolution to contemporary human diversity.  Biological anthropologists are focusing on a variety of studies throughout the pandemic, but the winter season is typically a time when they are indoors working in their labs.  

 

Be they a forensic anthropologist or bioarchaeologist this mug (above) might be the best thing this winter, holiday season.  Brought to you by RealPeopleGoods this items comes in various container types, be it a mug or pint glass, providing versatility for the gift giver to provide the perfect present for the receiver.  Otherwise, this lemur mask (below) is both cute and functional.  It is available through The Science Boutique.

Gift Giving 13: Giving Back to the Anthropologists in Your Life

Twice a year every year I dedicate a blog post to something a little different and fun: gifts for the anthropologist.  I attempt to highlight handmade and/or fair trade items as these most closely mirror the values of anthropology in cultural understanding and preservation.  If you happen to know an anthropologist, someone with interests in anthropology, an anthropology major or graduate, or someone who shares these same values feel free to look into one of these amazing gifts, particularly as many small business and makers are being or have been hit hard economically by the recent Covid-19 Pandemic:

Gifts for Sociocultural Anthropologists

Sociocultural anthropologists are always on the go, and then they are not on the go as they stop and observe or participate in the culture(s) they are studying.  Therefore it may be best to help them remember who they are while also maintaining that part of the culture but still a stranger distance with this pinback button set!   These nine buttons pay homage to one of (if not the) founding father of modern sociocultural anthropology, Franz Boas.  Available through a shop called OakesBayRoad on Etsy.

Gifts for Biological (Physical) Anthropologists

If the biological (physical) anthropological leaning individual you know is either a paleoanthropologist or has any knowledge of human evolution this cute t-shirt acknowledging the recent discovery of Neanderthal-human relations and the benefits of them might be the perfect match!  (Much like our human great+-grandmothers and great+-grandfathers!)  The StudyofMan shop on Etsy has this shirt, which comes in various sizes and colors, and several other anthropological related gifts in case this one just does not do the trick.

Gifts for Linguistic Anthropologists

Linguists study language, so this play on words mug seems like a very appropriate gift option, particularly if the receiver is also a Star Wars fan (or just a Baby Yoda fan).  This Yoda and linguistic inspired mug is available through Amendable Mugs on Etsy.

Gifts for Archaeological Anthropologists (Archaeologists)

It is not often that archaeologists have to dress up, but it does happen from time to time.  Therefore this vintage trowel tie clip may be the needed and best accessory for the formal archaeological wardrobe.  This piece can also act as a brooch for individuals who do not don a tie for their formal look, making it more versatile for the archaeologist you know.  Get it fast from ElleFulton on Etsy!

Gift Giving Guide 12: Finding the Best Present for Your Favorite Anthropologists

Twice a year every year I dedicate a blog post to something a little different and fun: gifts for the anthropologist.  I attempt to highlight handmade and/or fair trade items as these most closely mirror the values of anthropology in cultural understanding and preservation.  If you happen to know an anthropologist, someone with interests in anthropology, an anthropology major or graduate, or someone who shares these same values feel free to look into one of these amazing gifts, particularly as today is "Small Business Saturday":

A gift idea for the Cultural Anthropologist

As cultural anthropologists study living groups (or recently living groups, if they study ethnohistory) this mug may be the best gift for someone with such interests.  Cultural anthropologists ask deep questions about how, what, where, and why cultural traditions, values, beliefs, customs, etc. exist, and this mug exemplifies that with its caption about why jokes are funny.  There is an additional mug option that says, "It's not creeping.  It's ethnographic reasearch," which may be another viable option.  It is available through RealPeopleGoods.

A gift idea for the Archaeologist

Archaeologists of all types need to wear clothing, so this shirt by KNUXXShop is the perfect fit! This seller has a series of shirt that may be of interest to the archaeologist in your life, including "Sift happens" and "I dig archaeology".  There are several others, meaning you are bound to find something great!

A gift idea for the Linguistic Anthropologist  

esStreetSigns has a variety of signage for any and all occasions, including this sign specifically made for the linguist that you know.  You can customize this piece to meet the desires of the giftee, and the variety of selection allows you to select something else if this does not work.

A gift idea for the Biological Anthropologist

While biological anthropology is the most diverse of the four subfields this piece, a scarf depicting the Laetoli Footprints, might just do the trick.  VerdantViolet creates this piece using ecofriendly production techniques.  If this piece does not work this shop offers this same design in a dish towel, along with a series of children's books to satisfy various interests in evolutionary biology and other scientific disciplines.