Saturday, April 18, 2015

Spotlight on Students: Cultural Relativism/Ethnocentrism

The Spotlight on Students series features the work of my students, and this edition focuses on the differences of cultural relativism and ethnocentrism.  Anth 101 students were given a scenario based on a local news article about individuals of the Wicca faith, and they were to discuss the culturally relativistic and ethnocentric reactions to that situation.  I hope you enjoy this example of fantastic student work:

Image Copyright: Robin Day, print available here

Courteney Hedicke, Anth 101



Culture is a widely varying factor in society. The way cultures meet and identify each other, either as equal or inferior, sets the behavior for how the two cultures interact. Ethnocentrism and cultural relativism are two terms used to classify different viewpoints. Either term could be used to interpret any culture. One culture that is often judged is witchcraft. The founders of Reno Magick Store are individuals who practice witchcraft rituals from many different cultures. One of their more controversial practices is the blood offerings of small animals, such as rabbits and chickens (Fisher 2014).  This practice viewed in either the lens of ethnocentrism or cultural relativism defines how it is distinguished and connected with by those of another culture.

One way to view cultures is through an ethnocentric lens. Ethnocentrism is defined as “the tendency to view one’s own culture as superior and to apply one’s own cultural values in judging the behavior and beliefs of people raised in other cultures” (Gezan and Kottak 30). Ethnocentrism uses the values of one culture to judge the values in other cultures, effectively comparing the cultures. With an ethnocentric standpoint one’s own culture always ends up as superior to the other culture. Tolerance is not an aspect considered in this viewpoint. An ethnocentric view reinforces the belief that one’s own culture is the only correct culture and can, in the most extreme circumstances, create the persecution of other belief systems. Ethnocentrism can lead to the belief that other cultural practices are morally wrong. In most cases,  however, ethnocentrism leads to pride in one’s cultural values and norms. Ethnocentrism is a viewpoint that creates a hierarchy and judges cultures by how they measure up to standards from one culture.
From an ethnocentric standpoint, these people are killing innocent animals for ceremony, which is considered morally wrong from an American Christian standpoint. In America, most religious practices do not consist of the ceremonial slaughtering of animals for worship. This practice carries with it the connotations of “devil worship” and ritualistic behavior, which in mainstream American society  is considered to be disconcerting.  With an ethnocentric view, of course, the  slaughter of animals for a ritual would be considered a disgusting act with no purpose.
A viewpoint that is distinctly contrasted with ethnocentrism is cultural relativism.Cultural relativism is the belief that “behavior in one culture should not be judged by the standards of another culture” (Gezan and Kottak 30). This idea argues that every culture should be considered equal. No culture  nor any moral or ethical compass is better, or more right, than any other. This belief system, while allowing for more equality, also allows for the complete acceptance of cultural and societal practices that are detrimental to society as a whole. Cultural relativism is a viewpoint that accepts both the positive and negative aspects of a culture no matter the cost to the greater good.
From a culturally relativistic viewpoint, every culture is equal, including witchcraft, despite the ceremonial killing of innocent animals.  One cannot judge this ritualistic practice by the cultural standards most Americans hold.  The blood sacrifice of animals must be considered as valid and morally correct as drinking wine and eating a communion wafer in church on Sunday.  The sacrifice is ameliorated with prayer and the act of killing the animal painlessly. From the standpoint of cultural relativism, ritualistic killings of human beings could also be justified. Cultural relativism is the argument that every culture and its practices, no matter what they may be, are a valid and acceptable behavior.
My standpoint lies between the standpoints of cultural relativism and ethnocentrism. Logically and morally, I believe that all cultures should be accepted, even ones that do not fall within the lines of my culture, but as a vegetarian who would never harm an animal, I find it difficult to condone the behavior practiced at Reno Magick Shop. From my slightly ethnocentric viewpoint I find this practice to be abhorrent and ethically wrong, but from my slightly culturally relativistic point of view I understand that animal sacrifice is normal and accepted in their subculture.
Both ethnocentrism and cultural relativism express valid viewpoints.  The danger is when either view is expressed in an extreme way.  Considering witchcraft in through the lens of both ethnocentrism and cultural relativism provides two contrasting views of the culture. On one side witchcraft is wrong and on the other it is completely valid. Ethnocentrism, a critical viewpoint, and cultural relativism, an accepting viewpoint, are two way to view the differences between cultures.
 



Works Cited

Fisher, G.. "Witches of the West - Arts & Culture - Arts&Culture - November 27, 2014." Reno News & Review. Chico Community Publishing, 27 Nov. 2014. Web.  Accessed 12 Feb. 2015. <http://www.newsreview.com/reno/witches-of-the-west/content?oid=15716407>.

Gezon, Lisa, and Conrad Kottak. Culture. Truckee Meadows Community College ed. New York: McGraw Hill Education, 2014. Print.


24 comments:

Anonymous said...

I don't understand how in different cultures we can kill cows and in other cultures its ok to kill animals around the world. I think that is weird how different cultures are insane to us here in america.
Briana Banuelos
Anth 102 Tu Thur

Dr. Christine Elisabeth Boston said...

Cultural diversity is due to several factors, such as environmental conditions, different views of the natural world around individuals, and more. Cultural diversity is not a bad thing. It actually allows us, as human beings, to develop and solve problems in various ways (primarily due to the creative interpretations we see in each culture), and it also makes us a unique species. This assignment demonstrates different ways to look at situations-be it ethnocentrically or culturally relativistically. I personally prefer being culturally relativistic as it allows for greater understanding of & respect for cultures, as well as works in minimizing cultural conflict, which has and remains rampant both in the past and today. So while you think it's is weird that many Americans are quick to judge other cultures (pardon the interpretation of your words if it is incorrect), use this as a lesson for yourself to not be that way and to take the culturally relativistic approach when being confronted with new cultures.

Anonymous said...

My enthocentrism view about this is, one this is not normal, and two this is horrible killing animals for no reason at all. But then again I have also have a culturally relativistic view point, this could be worse. I mean instead of animals they could be using humans which would be even worse, but in a way it is better to use animals in their culture for this witchcraft. Also, in my culture we do kill innocent animals as well but not for the same reason. In my culture we kill animals and eat them which in some case is almost the same thing because of the killing of animals.
Yajaira Medina
Anth 101 Tu Thur

Dr. Christine Elisabeth Boston said...

I appreciate that you're trying to take a culturally relativistic approach here, but I do want to point a couple things out to help you:

The killing of the animals by the pagan practitioners was not without reason. The animal deaths were associated with a specific ritual, and then the animals were eaten. In essence, the animals' deaths served a dual purpose: one for ritual and one for sustenance. We, as Americans, kill and butcher animals for all sorts of reasons: sport, sustenance, to deal with overpopulation problems, fashion, medical testing, etc. Very rarely do we have multiple purposes associated with the deaths of those animals. Typically an animal is killed for one reason, not multiple. Does that mean that the death is any less worthy or necessary? That is a matter of opinion, but one way to consider this particular situation (specifically the ritual) is to realize that the animals are being used fully and their deaths are not meaningless. On the contrary, serving a dual purpose (in ritual and for sustenance) is seen by many as more utilitarian (useful) than just killing the animal for one reason.

Also, identifying their religion & ritual as witchcraft is also problematic. If you recall from the linguistics chapter there is power in the words that we choose to use, and witchcraft is a powerful word that conjures up a variety of negative images. Instead of identifying their faith by a negative word try using something more positive or simply neutral, even if it simply stating ideological belief system or simply religion. Looking at it from that perspective will have an affect on how you view these people and this act. By no means do you have to agree with them or it. You do not have to participate either. But by choosing your words carefully, understanding the purposes behind the custom, and more you can start to gain a respect for the situation and others in general.

Remember that being culturally relativistic is not inherently natural or easy. It takes a great deal of time to get to be culturally relativistic, and it's a constant exercise. Don't feel discouraged and remember to keep trying. You'll make mistakes. Everyone does. It's how we learn from our mistakes that defines us, and as long as you're actively trying to learn and improve then you are making positive changes that will benefit yourself and others. :)

girlmeeko said...

I personally am a vegan/vegetarian so do not really like the killing of rabbits or chickens for sacrifice, however we kill millions and millions of these creatures everyday for either consumption or adornment. to thumb your nose or think of your religion or culture better than anyone else is wrong. Who are we to say that any one thing or anyone person or any one culture is better than the other. They are just different and I really think we as a race, the human race are far more more similar than different

Unknown said...

This is such a great paper, it gives very clear definition to a very complicated topic. I strongly agree with Courteney's conclusion "the danger is when either view is expressed in an extreme way".

Unknown said...

I loved the blog on Mr. Franzetti, how fascinating and interesting, I am so sorry I missed his talk at TMCC! It is neat the paths life can take us, and I love sci-fi but I am definetly a Star Wars girl. And the article on Wicca was cool as well, to each his own.

Anonymous said...

I found the slaughtering of animals for ceremony very... strange. I am sure this is an important ritual for witchcraft in different cultures which is why it is important to look at all cultures and see something significant and not judge based off your cultures way of life. I hunt and fish and I wonder how this would be viewed towards the cultures whom perform the slaughters on little animals.

Thanks for the post!

Zachary Forrester
anthro 101 3001 summer

Anonymous said...

Being in Anthro 101, this was my favorite assignment. It provides a reminder that all cultures are different and what may seem a normal practice here may be viewed as normal there. We should accept all other cultures to allow complete understanding. well within some moral boundaries.

Dr. Christine Elisabeth Boston said...

Many individuals find many cultural traditions odd, not just this one. You have to view things from the cultural perspective. It is sometimes difficult but that is the best way to understand the situation for what it is.

Anonymous said...

This essay give a well information that everybody have different cultures, I still dislike knowing that they still slaughter animals due to their beliefs as the same way how Aztec and Mayan would do to slaughter people believing that the sun God would give them many years of good years on foods, waters, etc. They also believe that if they fail to tribute people lives, they would be damn for eternity. Sorry for my language since I am a decedent of both Aztec and Mayan due to the research of my families trees. But like I said earlier, everyone have different beliefs and cultures that they believe that they are doing what is right.

Carlos Menjivar Anthro 101

Unknown said...

This was a really great essay. Having many Wiccan/Pagan friends, I find her comparisons very well thought out, the view of witchcraft has been vilified for centuries, (ethnocentrism) primarily due to lack of understanding. However, again, knowing active members of that religion, blood rites are only used in dire situations.
The main ideology behind Wicca/Pagan religions is to live and let live, and much like the ethics anthropology, "to do no harm" (cultural relativism).

BLC

Dr. Christine Elisabeth Boston said...

You have to keep in mind that there are several different pagan sects out there, and each has its own opinion when it comes to blood rites. Some, as you pointed out, do them only in dire situations, whereas others believe that they should be common place. So it is incorrect to assume that a few pagans, albeit actual pagans as they may be, represent all the different sects within the umbrella of pagan religions. That would be similar to knowing a couple of Catholics and saying that all Christian faiths (e.g. Lutherans, Methodists, Calvinists, etc.) practice and believe the exact same things. :) But you are spot on in regards to the applications of ethnocentrism and cultural relativism. :)

Jordan R said...

It is very difficult for me to not have ethnocentric views towards the sacrifice of animals,when i am so passionate about trying to preserve their lives.
Jordan R

Jesus Cardiel ANTH 205 said...

This post was interesting I find it cool seeing just how different things are in different places and how it is seen as accepted or not. Personally I would never do any type of sacrifices and I think it is kind of a weird thing to do, but I understand their reasons as to why they do it and believe they should be able to practice those beliefs.

Kayley Phillips said...

I loved this paper! She had written it so well that I too agree with her viewpoints. Though I am not a vegetarian, I understand the reason why many people are. With this in mind, I can't help but think that the ritualistic killing of animals is almost more humane than mass farms killing animals for consumption.

Kayley Phillips
ANTH 101

Charlie Goggin said...

I don't find this practice difficult to handle, probably because they also eat the animals sacrificed,which, to me, means the deaths were more meaningful but also that their lives were not wasted. There are some groups who torture animals for their rituals and I cannot comprehend nor condone causing suffering like that for any reason. I used to run across the results of such practices and it was truly horrifying. I will not go into details, to think on it still makes me sick inside.
There is a difference between a fast, humane death for a religious ceremony and then the meat being consumed than just wantonly torturing little animals and leaving the carcass to rot. While I understand the value of cultural relativism in studying people and their ways, I have limits to what I can accept as another person's culture and religion vs cruelty.

Anonymous said...

Amazing blog, it goes in depth. It's interesting to see how different cultures act towards animals. I don't think I have the gut to sacrifice anything. My heart is to kinda, loving, caring to do anything such.
Aaliyah Caldwell

Ashley Jacobson said...

I don't see how it is ok to kill animals in other cultures I think it is very in humane. I understand it is there belief but just is not right to me.

Steven Benton said...

This paper was very well formatted with good flow and had a great understanding of it. Its hard to see animals die, you also have to look at the reasoning behind why this animal is taken away. There could be good and bad factors about it. I know some cultures will just use it to eat while others use the fur and bones for tools and clothing depending on what your beliefs are.

Anonymous said...

Tiffany Heavens
- Very informative paper and I believe that it is not okay to kill animals in any culture. This action still occurs tho because it is a source of food. I accept all cultures behaviors but may it may not make sense to me but people from other cultures say this about American culture.

Apre'shana Page said...

Based off a lot of these blog post it seems to me that knowing the differences between ethnocentrism and cultural relativism is very important. Everyone has a different way of interpreting the two terms but the overall goal is the same which is to be able to distinguish the aspects of different cultures while being accepting at the same time.

-Apre'shana Page

Anonymous said...

Regardless of the culture I never believed killing animals was okay. Although i am an animal lover I do understand the various reasons for doing it. Like, some cultures use it for clothing, others do it to eat. This is a great paper, very informative.
Brittany Duckett SA202

Tonii Saffore said...

My name is Tonii Saffore. I like how they described the two topics in this passage. It's all about how you see things. One way i can described to two topics is. Either you approach them with a small mind, which is ethnocentrism, or you can approach them outside your box of culture, which would be culture relativism.