Anthropology is a holistic discipline, meaning one must understand all the anthropological subfields to truly understand what it means to be human. Despite this there has been a push for anthropologists to specialize in one, maybe two, subfields. Typically, this results in sociocultural and linguistic anthropological studies, and physical/biological anthropological and archaeological investigations. More recently, though, there has been greater collaboration among anthropologists, bridging the divide and leading to truly holistic studies. These collaborations have enriched our understanding of human history, including identify the origins of Transeurasian languages.
Transeurasian languages include a wide diversity of languages spoken throughout eastern Asia, including but not limited to Japanese, Korean, Tungusic, Mongolic, and Turkic languages. For a long time scholars were unsure if these languages shared a common proto (parent) language, or if they were simply a variety of languages that borrowed from each other over time. This question was a contentious debate among linguistics until recently due to the collaborative research completed by linguistic, archaeological, and paleogenetic scholars out of the Max Plank Institute.
These scholars opted to use multiple lines of evidence to explore this linguistic matter. They drew upon historical linguistic, archaeological, and ancient genetic evidence. They studied common vocabulary among the modern languages of this language family, statistically analyzing them for similarities and differences. They then compared these results further with previously documented historical evidence of vocabulary spoken within these languages in the past. They discovered a key aspect of language change within these languages was due to the introduction of specific vocabulary related to agriculture, specifically terms related to agricultural crops and technologies.
They also examined the archaeological evidence. They discovered the migration patterns of ancient people within the geographical space where Transeurasian languages are spoken. They also chronologically mapped when these groups adopted new agricultural patterns, be it new domesticates or technologies. This helped expose the origins of the Transeurasian languages further.
A final key to this issue was the study of ancient DNA recovered from 19 ancient individuals who resided in the region. The ancient DNA results showed biological relations among individuals which matched linguistic clusters. This meant that people who spoke similar or the same languages were related to each other.
Ultimately, these researchers were able to conclude that Transeurasian languages developed from one proto (parent) language. This was the result of the multiple lines of linguistic, archaeological, and genetic evidence demonstrating that there was first a group of Neolithic millet farmers who resided in the Liao River Valley (China) who spoke the proto-language. Over time these proto-language populations migrated northwest and settled in new areas. This resulted in the language these groups spoke changing, which were the result of new agricultural products and technologies being introduced and adopted. As new contact with different groups of people occurred (due to trade, a latent result of the adoption of agriculture and evolution of social groups) the languages changed further, leading to the great diversity of Transeurasian languages spoken today.
References
Robbeets, M., Bouckaert, R., Conte, M. et al. Triangulation supports agricultural spread of the Transeurasian languages. Nature 599, 616–621 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-04108-8
1 comment:
This article effectively showcases anthropology’s holistic nature, combining linguistics, archaeology, and genetics to trace the origins of Transeurasian languages. The findings on migration, agriculture, and language evolution are compelling, though the writing could be more concise for clarity.
Post a Comment