tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-64550722485132372052024-03-23T02:00:31.843-05:00Humerus Revelations of the Naked ApeAn anthropology blog meant to educate students and the public at large.Unknownnoreply@blogger.comBlogger587125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6455072248513237205.post-20609282463697213562024-03-23T02:00:00.008-05:002024-03-23T02:00:00.141-05:00Righting A Wrong Within Archaeology: Dr. Mary Ellingson<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbDUAXbXjzMOKjw_EnwAkyP8QHVRtIbGD4qJofxZpYG-VVAUWVWR5I7bPdk61kxzUkfmw8OPKnypppVWN6G18RckOEZzJFcE5Nn-4_cZLEAObtAHnwdhK21wBaHex7Dbbc2y7w1MaLJQ7pVfZkxn6LyqD6JVBmc4_HP-9s_-zdYxQnUwbgWYnmG_EWPAc/s580/mary-ellingson.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="580" data-original-width="320" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbDUAXbXjzMOKjw_EnwAkyP8QHVRtIbGD4qJofxZpYG-VVAUWVWR5I7bPdk61kxzUkfmw8OPKnypppVWN6G18RckOEZzJFcE5Nn-4_cZLEAObtAHnwdhK21wBaHex7Dbbc2y7w1MaLJQ7pVfZkxn6LyqD6JVBmc4_HP-9s_-zdYxQnUwbgWYnmG_EWPAc/s320/mary-ellingson.jpg" width="177" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Dr. Mary Ellingson (Image Source: University of Evansville)<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">As previously discussed on this blog archaeology has been
useful in shedding light on past injustices (e.g., the <a href="https://humerusrevelations.blogspot.com/2021/09/uncovering-racial-injustice-archaeology.html">Tulsa
Race Massacre</a>, <a href="https://humerusrevelations.blogspot.com/2023/07/anthropologist-profile-dr-paul-mullins.html">acknowledging
the murder of George Tompkins</a>, <a href="https://humerusrevelations.blogspot.com/2023/03/anthropologist-profile-dr-kisha.html">locating
missing and murdered Residential School students</a>, and <a href="https://humerusrevelations.blogspot.com/2021/08/applied-anthropologist-profile-toni.html">cillini
research</a>).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The research skills, excavation
methods, and interpretative lens required of archaeological work makes it well
suited to correct the historical records, and more and more archaeologists are working
toward those goals as necessary.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This
has also led to introspection within the discipline itself, specifically in
correcting and rectifying for previous past mistakes.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Today’s post addresses one such situation
wherein past excavation work had been intentionally credited to the wrong
person.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This post will share the story
of Dr. Mary Ellingson. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Dr. Mary Ross Ellingson was born in Canada.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She pursued her undergraduate studies in
Classics through the University of Alberta, and she attended the prestigious John
Hopkins University for her graduate work in 1931.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It was here that she came under the
supervision of David Moore Robinson, who invited Ellingson to assist in excavations
occurring at Olynthus in Greece.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>These
excavations were different from those previously completed.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Rather than focus on monumental religious architecture
or cemeteries the team was going to excavate and analyze domestic structures,
providing insights into how people lived and carried out their daily personal
and family activities.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">It was a unique opportunity for Ellingson, a woman, to be
able to do this work, and even more so when you realize that she was in charge
of over 50 workers.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She supervised the
excavations, photographed the site and artifacts, and wrote the site
reports.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She also took meticulous notes
that she drew upon for the completion of her Masters and Doctoral research.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>For her Master’s research she focused on
terracotta figurines, describing the types she discovered at the site, and in
her Dissertation she expanded her work to include multiple other sites
throughout Greece, as well as discussed the meanings and purposes of these
figurines in domestic spaces.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This was
monumental because prior to her work Classical scholars believed that
terracotta figurines were purely functional in ritual contexts, expecting to
find them only in temples and cemeteries.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Ellingson successfully demonstrated that within domestic contexts
terracotta figurines were used not just for ritual purposes (in small home shrines)
but also for decoration and even as toys.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">While Ellingson published all of this information in her
Master’s and Doctoral theses she was unable to publish to the wider academic
community.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Her personal life and the
disruptions of World War II kept her from doing so.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Then her graduate supervisor committed
academic fraud.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He plagiarized her work
by publishing both her Master’s and Doctoral theses under his name. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Robinson’s actions robbed Ellingson of
recognition for her hard work, but it did additional damage to her, as
well.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He received high accolades for “his
publications” and was considered a pioneer in the field of Classical
Archaeology, none of which he deserved since he did not do the work.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Ellingson never disclosed the plagiarism, more than likely
due to the strong sexist attitudes against women working in the field.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She ultimately took a position at the University
of Evansville in the 1960s and worked there for over a decade before
retiring.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She took the secret to her
grave as she passed away in 1993, never receiving acknowledgement for her work
during her lifetime.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Several years later, however, Dr. Alan Kaiser, an
archaeology professor at the University of Evansville, discovered some of
Ellingson’s old records, which led him to realize Robinson’s transgressions
against her.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He investigated further and
published his research in a book titled, <i>Archaeology, Sexism, and Scandal.</i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He did not just stop there, however.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He publicly denounced Robinson’s actions in
various ways, bringing much needed attention to this scandalous act.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As support for Ellingson increased John
Hopkins University petitioned the Library of Congress to change the authorship
of the works credited to Robinson, which they did in the Fall of 2023.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Dr. Kaiser stated, </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p>"Recognizing Dr. Mary Ellingson's long-suppressed contributions to the
Excavations at Olynthus series is a significant step toward justice in the
academic world. Her groundbreaking work has finally received the acknowledgment
it deserves, and her story stands as an inspiration to all those who strive for
truth and recognition in their respective fields."</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Hopefully Ellingson’s contributions to the field and
recognition of the injustice against her initiates greater scrutiny of women’s
contributions to not only archaeology but other academic disciplines, as well
as be a source of inspiration for others to not let this continue to happen to other
women and other marginalized groups.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<h1>References</h1>
<p class="MsoBibliography" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">Archaeological Institute of America. (2023). <i>Mary
Ross Ellingson (1906-1993).</i> Retrieved from Archaeological Institute of
America:
https://www.archaeological.org/archaeologists-you-should-know-ellingson/</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBibliography" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">Kaiser, A. (2015, March 27). <i>Mary Ross Ellingson.</i>
Retrieved from Trowel Blazers:
https://trowelblazers.com/2015/03/27/mary-ross-ellingson/</span></p>
<p class="MsoBibliography" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">News & Public Relations. (2023, November 6). <i>Library
of Congress Recognizes Plagiarized University of Evansville Archaeologist
After 90 Years.</i> Retrieved from University of Evansville:
https://www.evansville.edu/news/articleDetail.cfm?articleId=3126</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6455072248513237205.post-78607359070147183622024-03-16T01:30:00.009-05:002024-03-16T01:30:00.136-05:00Applied Anthropologist Profile: Aimee Hosemann, Ph.D., Director of Qualitative Research at RHB<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYcBF8vTc_Bz0ZCTWEbQxVDv10R7Ad4DK_uD_yKSJOpFgfwnoxwC4oJjkGal8qjqFVKMJmfz4LHir3L81ogKWvQtNt9sPNcnfscffVGan4mBTPd93Tt-0t02wNYuwj6mj5IbPOJpDUfgWAH8mUYMZ5w-NpwNbFcYHFrhVz8qqWABE8uw2sgt-yfeKx31Y/s1000/aimee-hosemann-2021.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1000" data-original-width="1000" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYcBF8vTc_Bz0ZCTWEbQxVDv10R7Ad4DK_uD_yKSJOpFgfwnoxwC4oJjkGal8qjqFVKMJmfz4LHir3L81ogKWvQtNt9sPNcnfscffVGan4mBTPd93Tt-0t02wNYuwj6mj5IbPOJpDUfgWAH8mUYMZ5w-NpwNbFcYHFrhVz8qqWABE8uw2sgt-yfeKx31Y/s320/aimee-hosemann-2021.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Aimee Hosemann (Image Source: RHB)<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p class="MsoNormal"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The path one takes in life is very rarely linear.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It is also safe to say that life sometimes
does not go as planned.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>These are
comments that very much epitomize the career of Aimee Hosemann, Ph.D.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Hosemann pursued her degrees in various areas
of anthropology, but she opted to work outside of academia.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Today’s blog post will cover how she uses her
anthropological expertise in her current position with RHB.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Aimee Hosemann attended Idaho State University, where she
earned her Bachelor’s degree.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>At that
time she worked as a journalist for a local newspaper.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She took a new position, still within the
newspaper industry, in southern Illinois, causing her to move across the
country.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She eventually pursued her
Master’s of Arts degree in Biological Anthropology.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Her research focused on primate communication
patterns, but when she began to pursue her doctorate she continued to study
language but instead among humans, not primates.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Her Ph.D. was rooted in sociocultural and
linguistic anthropology, and she studied the language and songs of Amazonian
groups, specifically those spoken exclusively by women.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Hosemann began teaching as an Adjunct Faculty member at various
institutions, but as she tired of the grind of the part time teaching she began
to seek employment options outside of the academy.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>When she saw the ad from RHB, a higher
education consultancy, she felt that the position was tailored for an
anthropologist.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She immediately
applied.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">She ultimately landed her current position as the Director
of Qualitative Research.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In this
position she is responsible for research and composition of various resources
for her higher education clients.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She
employs her linguistic and ethnographic skills frequently, be it for
interviewing students, faculty, and staff to composing emails or website
content for specific audiences, who are typically generations younger than
herself.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As the RHB president put it, “Aimee
adds a new level of appreciation for nuance in the selection of words and
understanding of the sociological implications of human interactions to our
expertise in serving higher education.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>She has served in this position since 2019, becoming a permanent
employee in 2020, and we wish her all the best as she continues on in this fulfilling
position.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<h1>Works Cited</h1>
<p class="MsoBibliography" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">Hosemann, Aimee. "Ace Advice: A Virtual Chat
with Aimee Hosemann." n.d. <i>Prime Earth.</i> Electronic. 4 January
2024.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBibliography" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">RHB. <i>Aimee Hosemann, Ph.D., Director of
Qualitative Research</i>. 2024. Electronic. 4 January 2024.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBibliography" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">—. "RHB is pleased to announce the appointment
of Aimee Hosemann, Ph.D., to the research and creative team." 2020. <i>RHB.</i>
Electronic. 4 January 2024.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6455072248513237205.post-32075543774666638732024-03-09T01:30:00.012-06:002024-03-09T01:30:00.260-06:00Dr. Biruté Galdikas, Educator, Conservationist, and Expert in Orangutans<h1><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgN63qX8SRjuXBNTp7mpkiMqSgDDXf0U4mR_riquRxm_foJ6jNcHH4StSIuZZ4KCvCeUhIYJzB8kcNcaSNsG-k9O4fS2PIaaGkWZqTba_50DhFDUz0c5O0DXn-HlB_4zy_31RYCJxals1q90mJsY5VxQ5CGu0o9WQSi6iTtH2xWsD0-Z1KqeGz1F7_cLV0/s225/Galdikas.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="225" data-original-width="225" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgN63qX8SRjuXBNTp7mpkiMqSgDDXf0U4mR_riquRxm_foJ6jNcHH4StSIuZZ4KCvCeUhIYJzB8kcNcaSNsG-k9O4fS2PIaaGkWZqTba_50DhFDUz0c5O0DXn-HlB_4zy_31RYCJxals1q90mJsY5VxQ5CGu0o9WQSi6iTtH2xWsD0-Z1KqeGz1F7_cLV0/s1600/Galdikas.jpg" width="225" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Dr. Biruté Galdikas (Image Source: Orangutan Foundation International Australia) <br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br /></span></h1>
<p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Dr. Biruté Mary Galdikas is a renowned educator, conservationist,
and expert in organutans.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She is considered
one of the top three primatologists in the world, alongside <a href="https://humerusrevelations.blogspot.com/2016/11/spotlight-on-students-anthropologist.html">Jane
Goodall</a> and <a href="https://humerusrevelations.blogspot.com/2021/05/dian-fossey-pioneering-primatologist.html">Dian
Fossey</a>, but she does not have the same notoriety or global presence as these
women.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The reason: Dr. Galdikas spends
most of her time studying, preserving, and as available rehabilitating the
primates she knows and loves.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This blog
post will discuss Dr. Galdikas’s life and work, focusing on her contributions
to better understanding and working toward saving <a href="https://humerusrevelations.blogspot.com/2015/05/spotlight-on-students-primate.html">orangutan
species</a>.</span></p>
<p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></p>
<p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Dr. Biruté Mary Galdikas was born in Germany to Lithuanian
parents.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Her birth occurred while they
were immigrating to Canada, which is why Galdikas was ultimately raised in
Toronto, Canada.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As a young child she discovered
her passions for exploration, discovery, and primates.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She credits checking out a Curious George
book from her local library as inspiring her love of primates.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She ultimately pursued studies in psychology
and zoology for her undergraduate degrees.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></p>
<p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">When her family moved to the United States she enrolled in
graduate programs in anthropology at the University of California-Los Angeles.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This is when she met Dr. Louis Leakey, who
had just funded primate research of Jane Goodall, who studies chimpanzees, and
Dian Fossey, who worked with gorillas.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Galdikas explained to Leakey that she wanted to study orangutans, but
Leakey was hesitant to sign off on funding such a project.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This was because orangutans were poorly
understood due to a lack of significant study.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>This led many to inaccurately conclude that orangutans were aloof, solitary
creatures that were impossible to study, thereby warranting little need to do
so.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></p>
<p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Galdikas was not deterred, however.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Her determination to study orangutans led
Leakey to fund her research in 1971.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She
established her research base, which she named Camp Leakey in honor of the
funding she received, in Borneo.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She
immediately went to work studying wild orangutans, and her discoveries
revolutionized studies of orangutans.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>She was the first to document that orangutans consumed fruits,
eventually documenting over 400 different fruits they will consume.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She also was the first to observe the
extended birth interval of orangutans, as well as the gregarious nature of
mother-child interactions.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She
identified it was the males who were largely solitary, not the females who
would often stay with their female relations throughout their lifetimes.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></p>
<p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">All of this brought much needed attention to orangutan
species, who were already facing serious conservation issues related to deforestation
and the illegal pet trade.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Galdikas
observed these issues, and she used her position to create a platform for
voicing their concerns not just to the Indonesian government but to the
world.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Her efforts were not widely
accepted as she received threats, was harassed, and even kidnapped once.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Again, she was undaunted and continued her
efforts to save and preserve orangutan species.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>In 1986 she started the Orangutan Foundation International in part to spread
awareness about the need to save these species.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>This organization also provided rehabilitation programs for orphaned and
captured orangutans.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It was not without
controversy.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Because kidnapped
orangutans experienced significant trauma at an early age they were prone to
lashing out at staff and guests at the rehabilitation center, causing many to
question whether such efforts were worthwhile.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Ultimately, the program successfully rehabilitated and released over 500
wild-born but kidnapped orangutans back into their natural habitats.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></p>
<p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The Orangutan Foundation International has also been
instrumental in raising the funds necessary to purchase lands and preserve the orangutans’
habitat.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Galdikas and her team has also
used the funds to employ local residents to help in conservation and
preservation efforts.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Because Indonesia
has a significantly high unemployment rate many Indonesians do what is
necessary to survive, including engaging in dangerous and illegal activities
(e.g., illegal poaching of orangutans and logging their habitats).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>By providing Indonesians legitimate means of
employment the Foundation has been instrumental in providing a resource to the
local people while also serving its mission in saving orangutans.</span></p>
<p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></p>
<p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">It is these and various other efforts and initiatives that
Galdikas has been involved in that has earned her various awards over her
lifetime.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In 1997 she received Indonesia’s
highest honor for environmental leadership: the Hero for the Earth Award.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She remains the only non-Indonesian to earn
this award (although she has since applied for and received Indonesian
citizenship) and one of the first women to win the award.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></p>
<p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Galdikas, however, is not about the fame and the
awards.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She continues to concentrate her
efforts in what she loves: studying and saving orangutans.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She does not seek the spotlight unless it is
to serve that purpose.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She has almost 50
years of experience doing what she loves, and she has no intention of stopping
any time soon.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This is in part because
her work remains incomplete, but her efforts have done a lot to mitigate the loss
of these amazing primates.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Hopefully,
she will see the fruits of her labors within her lifetime, but she continues to
train and inspire students around the world to help her with her work-be it in
scholarship or applied conservation.</span></p>
<p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></p>
<p style="text-align: left;">Bibliography</p>
<p class="MsoBibliography" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">McNeill, H. (n.d.). Biruté Galdikas is a famous
primatologist that you’ve probably never heard of . <i>CBC</i>.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBibliography" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">Orangutan Foundation International Australia.
(2024). <i>Dr. Birute Mary Galdikas.</i> Retrieved from Orangutan Foundation
International Australia:
https://orangutanfoundation.org.au/our-staff/dr-birute-mary-galdikas/</span></p>
<p class="MsoBibliography" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">PBS. (2015, February 13). <i>Pioneering
Primatologist.</i> Retrieved from Nature, PBS:
https://www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/orphan-king-pioneering-primatologist/11410/</span></p>
<p class="MsoBibliography" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">Simon Frasier University. (2024). <i>Birute Galdikas</i>.
Retrieved from Simon Frasier University:
https://www.sfu.ca/archaeology/about/people/faculty/bgaldikas.html</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"> </p>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6455072248513237205.post-88711999911415192192024-03-02T01:30:00.010-06:002024-03-02T01:30:00.136-06:00Anthropologist Profile: Viki Eagle: Doctoral Student<p class="MsoNormal"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjibpcbVrR5X6QKlIjpcZ0wIwQRZHRFCxK806IwMcbZHuMrBSbTk17Kdvj0Dv-UWrpFZKQbLVT1LkOvctT2Vuic7f7itbdC3xcvzrcyR25Soe3bZwXof9rgRJdObIrQn1Q3DbarzMBzIePGoQNggNKv8UmKOyepVS-kY7Z1wuMGFSOtrJKqLbJOFnTtFJY/s3161/Viki%20Eagle%20UCLA.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3161" data-original-width="3161" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjibpcbVrR5X6QKlIjpcZ0wIwQRZHRFCxK806IwMcbZHuMrBSbTk17Kdvj0Dv-UWrpFZKQbLVT1LkOvctT2Vuic7f7itbdC3xcvzrcyR25Soe3bZwXof9rgRJdObIrQn1Q3DbarzMBzIePGoQNggNKv8UmKOyepVS-kY7Z1wuMGFSOtrJKqLbJOFnTtFJY/s320/Viki%20Eagle%20UCLA.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Viki Eagle (Image Source: UCLA American Indian Studies)<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br /> <br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Today’s blog post is dedicated to discussing the exceptional
work of Viki Eagle, a doctoral student focusing on sociocultural anthropology
and American Indian Studies out of the University of California-Los Angeles
(UCLA).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Viki Eagle is of American Indian
and part Asian descent, and she draws inspiration from her American Indian
identity and culture to guide her current doctoral research.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This blog post, however, will address not
only this but her past work as it informs where she is today and the goals she
seeks to achieve in the future.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Viki Eagle (Figure 1) is Sicangu Lakota and part Japanese
who hails from Denver, Colorado.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She
earned her Bachelor’s degree in International Studies with minors in Studio Art
(Photography) and Japanese Language from the University of Denver.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>During that time she studied abroad in Japan,
but she ultimately returned to the United States and began teaching photography
and film at the Red Cloud Indian School.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">She returned to graduate school to earn her Master’s degree
in Higher Education, wherein she concentrated her studies in Native American Student
Recruitment and Retention.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She quickly
put that knowledge and experience to work as she became employed as the UCLA
Native American Recruiter in Undergraduate Admissions.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Her experiences in this position at UCLA led
her to realize a need for programs to support American Indian students at
UCLA.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She ultimately moved forward in
the creation and implementation of such programming.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She then took these experiences with her as
she transitioned back to her Alma Mater, the University of Denver, becoming
their Director of Native American Community Partnerships and Programs.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In this position she built programming that ultimately
tripled the American Indian enrollment at the University through strategic
recruitment and retention programs, which were instigated with supporting
American Indian identities and communities at the forefront.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Ultimately, Eagle returned to school yet again, pursuing her
doctoral studies at UCLA.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Her doctoral
research draws upon her passions in photography and the arts as she seeks to
use photo-ethnographic methods, visual anthropology, Indigenous feminism,
community-based methods, and more to explore and showcase Rez Metal.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The term Rez Metal references the Indigenous metal
(music) scene.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It comes from the phrase
Rez, which references the reservation lands that belong to American Indians,
but it is also a term that carries deep cultural meaning.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Rez Metal is a musical genre/movement that seeks
to retake ideas about what it means to be American Indian and provide a more
accurate and positive view of what American Indian life is about and who
American Indians are.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Rez Metal moves
beyond music to include visual artistry landscapes wherein photography,
fashion, and other visual media are used to tell American Indians stories and
truths, be it for themselves and/or others.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The goal of these works are to provide a voice to American Indians, who
are often ignored, erased, or believed to no longer exist, so American Indians can
share their truths.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Eagle hopes to use her dissertation research and output as a
means of empowering American Indians and deconstruct romanticized and false
narratives about American Indians.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This is
a passion of her that started not just with her doctoral research project but
her previous art projects, which include her photographic arts exhibit, “The
Real Life Indian”.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Her photography
projects and ultimately doctoral research seek to provide an accurate and realistic
depiction of the various American Indian groups and people that continue to
exist and thrive in the modern world.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<h1>Works Cited</h1>
<p class="MsoBibliography" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">Eagle, V. (2014). <i>About</i>. Retrieved from Real
Life Indian: https://reallifeindian.wordpress.com/</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBibliography" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">Marks, Z. (2023). <i>About Me</i>. Retrieved from
Viki Eagle: https://www.vikieagle.com/\</span></p>
<p class="MsoBibliography" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">Native Bruins. (2021, November 17). <i>Native Bruins:
Past, Present & Emerging – Viki Eagle.</i> Retrieved from UCLA: American
Indian Studies Center:
https://main.aisc.ucla.edu/2021/11/17/native-bruins-past-present-emerging-viki-eagle/</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6455072248513237205.post-69868382444336286592024-02-24T01:30:00.004-06:002024-02-24T01:30:00.143-06:00A Family’s Legacy: The Archaeology of W.E.B. Du Bois’s Home<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjy2cROsBVn3qVlqNUpzl32G0fXskLQPf26AAASm3X-lnAibnWmSuqSF4HLX5bDWTrcgb3YqXQIA51rgKclNxrS_V5NOgNmgGD-zMew_QhHsPW4LGnQtmne4b1gLX9GdNNxuB4jPI-3YBaeyOyD-cocr36f6UEQ0ZzRT3IaSGqobhjTGV-fG_Jh_KzwoVE/s768/Du-Bois-Homesite-Ben-Barnhart-1-1024x1024-1-768x768.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="768" data-original-width="768" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjy2cROsBVn3qVlqNUpzl32G0fXskLQPf26AAASm3X-lnAibnWmSuqSF4HLX5bDWTrcgb3YqXQIA51rgKclNxrS_V5NOgNmgGD-zMew_QhHsPW4LGnQtmne4b1gLX9GdNNxuB4jPI-3YBaeyOyD-cocr36f6UEQ0ZzRT3IaSGqobhjTGV-fG_Jh_KzwoVE/s320/Du-Bois-Homesite-Ben-Barnhart-1-1024x1024-1-768x768.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Image of the W.E.B. Du Bois Homesite (Source: W.E.B. Du Bois Homesite website)<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Yesterday was the birthday of world renowned and influential
sociologist, W.E.B. Du Bois.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If you have
taken any sociology (or Black studies) courses you may have heard of W.E.B. Du
Bois.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He is most notably remembered for
his work confronting a variety of vitally important issues, such as racism, poverty,
women’s rights, warfare, environmental degradation, and nuclear weapons.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He also advocated for education for all and
civil rights for African Americans.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He
is also known as a founder of various organizations and movements, including
the Niagara Movement, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored
People (NAACP), and the Pan-African Congresses.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">His professional accomplishments often overshadow his
personal life, as well as the life of his family.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He was the descendant of several generations
of African Americans who lived in rural New England.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In fact, his childhood home, the Black Burghardt
family homestead, was gifted to him by members of the NAACP as a 60<sup>th</sup>
birthday present.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He intended on
renovating the home, where he lived between the ages of 2 and 6, but ultimately,
he never completed this project.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He
ultimately sold the property before moving to Africa, and the home was
subsequently torn down.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Several decades
later two individuals purchased the property for the express purpose of memorializing
W.E.B. Du Bois’s life and accomplishments.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Today, the W.E.B. Du Bois Homesite is a National Historic Landmark, and
various interpretative options are available to visitors to learn more about
this accomplished man.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There have also
been a series of archaeological investigations completed at the site, which
have and continue to provide information about the livelihoods of the Black Burghardt
family, maternal relatives of Du Bois, and glimpses into what life may have
been like for rural African Americans of New England.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This blog post will discuss what is currently
available about those livelihoods.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The archaeological investigations at the W.E.B. Du Bois Homesite
were conducted during the 1980s and early 2000s.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They were led by faculty and staff at the
University of Massachusetts Amherst through field schools that enabled students
to learn and practice archaeological excavation techniques.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Early excavations (conducted in the 1980s)
relied heavily on non-invasive survey techniques, whereas later excavations
(completed in the early 2000s) utilized cultural informants by way of community
members who were involved in or witnessed the original preservation efforts of
the home either by Du Bois or the two individuals responsible for promoting the
conservancy of the site.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>These
individuals were also useful in pinpointing historical records and documents
that the (faculty, staff, and student) researchers either were unaware of or
had not previously considered. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Taken
together, these methods have provided a rich background on the home and property,
thereby providing directions for each archaeological investigation.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The initial investigations of the 1980s provided information
concerning locations of specific structures that had previously existed on the
site.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Currently, as was the case 40
years ago, there only structure remaining on the property is a collapsed
cellar, so being able to recognize and locate other structures was important
since there was no physical evidence of their existence.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>More recent investigations have either
supported or rejected those initial conclusions, as well as located additional aspects
of the home and family’s life. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>One new discovery
was the presence of small agricultural plots adjacent to the family home.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It is unclear if these were gardens, which is
the prevailing assumption, and what their specific purposes were (e.g., grow
medicinal herbs or food).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Investigations
into the use and purpose of these plots are ongoing.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The excavations also turned up a variety of artifacts,
largely what would be expected at a site that was occupied for over 130
years.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There were a variety of
utilitarian, architectural, personal, and nutritionally supportive items, which
included glassware, ceramics, agricultural tools, and more.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There various types of ceramics, ranging from
ornate to plainware.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The glassware
artifacts showed an emphasis on medicinal products, such as various historically
available medicinal products.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Personal hygiene
products were also evident among the glass artifacts (e.g., Vaseline,
Listerine, and hair products).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Glass was
also used for food storage as a number of fruit storage jars and some alcoholic
beverage containers were also discovered, although many of the latter items may
have been dumped on the site by neighbors after the family left the area.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There were also several pieces of jewelry and
other personal adornment items found throughout the investigations.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">One of the more interesting artifacts was an assemblage
known as a minkisi bundle, which is a container filled with spiritually
important objects.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The assemblage was
found in the house foundation and included a metal button with a six pointed
star on it, a juvenile bear’s tooth, polished stone.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It is unknown who put the minkisi bundle in the
cellar or why, but its presence provides greater insights into the family’s
beliefs, as well as the greater beliefs and traditions of <a href="https://humerusrevelations.blogspot.com/2021/10/lucky-charms-and-protection-spells.html">New
Englanders</a>.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Additionally, the historical investigations and artifacts provided
a greater understanding of the daily life of the Black Burghardt family.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It was clear that the family had individual
autonomy and choice regarding professions.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The family also hosted boarders who would rent rooms in the home.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Because Du Bois recorded his recollections of
his childhood, coupled with the artifacts (based on type and location), the
archaeological team was able to determine that not only did the Black Burghardt
family reside on the property but also did two other families: the Freemans and
Woosters.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In fact, a doll and several of
those alcoholic beverage bottled were linked back to these families.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">While the excavations may be completed the analysis of the
artifacts and what they can tell us about the Black Burghardt family are
not.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The information provided in this
post is just a sample of what is currently known about the family, as well as
the Freeman and Wooster families.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This
information may also allow for greater interpretation of what life was like for
African Americans in New England.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>All of
this and more is yet to be seen, however, but thus far the information that is
known provides more information into the early years of W.E.B. Du Bois and his
family’s rich history.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<h1>References</h1>
<p class="MsoBibliography" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">Paynter, R., Lynch, K., Norris, E., & Lewis, Q.
(2008). <i>Archaeology at the W.E.B. Du Bois Boyhood Homesite.</i> Amherst:
University of Massachusetts .</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBibliography" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">The Upper Housatonic Valley National Heritage Area.
(2024). <i>W.E.B. Du Bois Homesite</i>. Retrieved from W.E.B. Du Bois
National Historic Site: https://www.duboisnhs.org/w-e-b-du-bois-homesite/</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6455072248513237205.post-76521469319562121162024-02-17T01:30:00.016-06:002024-02-17T01:30:00.145-06:00Endangered Language Profile: Gullah<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/ijl7Sg3ZAd0" width="320" youtube-src-id="ijl7Sg3ZAd0"></iframe></div><p class="MsoNormal"> Video: A Story Told in the Traditional Gullah Language at the African American Heritage Day<br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">For almost 350 years Africans from across central and
western Africa were kidnapped and forcibly relocated to the Americas as part of
the Transatlantic Slave Trade.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
number of Africans stolen from the continent is estimated to be in the
millions, although only a fraction of those individuals actually made it across
the ocean.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This is not an unknown or unfamiliar
story to many readers, but it is central to the topic of today’s blog post: the
endangered language of Gullah (also known as Geechee).</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Gullah (aka, Geechee, but herein referred to as Gullah) is
the name of both the ethnic group and language spoken by the descendants of enslaved
Africans who settled along the coastal islands of the American south.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Gullah resided on and continue to call the
islands along the coasts of South Carolina and Georgia home, although there are
some who say that they also occupied areas along northern Florida.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>These populations established their
communities in these areas beginning in the 1700s, intermixing their unique
cultural traditions, beliefs, and values from the various African nations they
came from with English and other European languages and ways of life.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The Gullah remained largely in isolation until the
1950s.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This was partially due to
involuntary and voluntary factors.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
islands they resided on were difficult to get to, creating barriers to both
entering and leaving the islands.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There
were also strong prejudices against the Gullah and their language, both of which
were labeled as “low class” or uneducated, leading to many not to reach out to
the Gullah.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Gullah also preferred
the isolation as it enabled them to practice their culture and religion and
speak their language free from prejudice and/or judgements.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This isolation fostered a unique culture and
language that was shared and passed down through the generations among the
Gullah, which remained largely unchanged until almost 75 years ago.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>With the creation and construction of
bridges, however, these islands were better connected to the mainland, leading to
increased contact, and the changing economic landscape forced many Gullah to
leave their ancestral homes.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This led to
various cultural and linguistic changes.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">While various linguists studied the Gullah language it is
the pioneering work of Lorenzo Dow Turner that is considered the most influential.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This is because he was the first scholar to
identify the African elements that were present in the Gullah language.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Linguists who had studied Gullah previous to
Turner concluded that no such elements remained, and that the language was a broken
and poorer version of English.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Turner’s work demonstrated that Gullah is
derived from English by borrowing English words, but there exist strong
connections in vocabulary and grammatical elements to various west and central African
languages, including Mandinka, Fula, Mende, Vai, Akan, Ewe, Kongo, and
Kimbundu.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This makes Gullah the only
known and recorded American English <a href="https://humerusrevelations.blogspot.com/2016/04/when-worlds-collide-understanding.html">creole
language</a>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Furthermore, Turner’s
work, which was completed throughout the beginning and mid-20<sup>th</sup>
century, documents the language prior to more consistent contact from
mainlanders as Turner recorded various native speakers for his research.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Unfortunately, Gullah is considered an endangered language.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It is estimated that there are only several
hundred native speakers left, although there are several thousand semi-speakers
of Gullah.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>For a long time younger
generations showed little interest in learning Gullah, citing it as the
language of the elderly.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There were also
efforts by American educational institutions to discourage the speaking and
learning of Gullah.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Additionally,
because Gullah is largely an oral language it is difficult to learn if one does
not have a native speaker available to teach it.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">These are challenges that are not without solutions,
however, as the Gullah are taking various steps to preserve their
language.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Younger generations are
encouraged to learn the language to preserve it and the culture associated with
it.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Gullah language and culture is richly
steeped in oral history and storytelling, which has initiated a cultural festival
wherein Gullah stories and language are shared through various art forms.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There remains hope that this language will
not be lost through Turner’s and various other’s recordings, but the risk of extinction
remains.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Hopefully the efforts of the
Gullah themselves, as well as Gullah and non-Gullah scholars, does not allow
that outcome to occur.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<h1>Works Cited</h1>
<p class="MsoBibliography" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">Campbell, Emory S. "Gullah Geechee Culture:
Respected, Understood and Striving: Sixty Years after Lorenzo Dow Turner’s
Masterpiece, Africanisms in the Gullah Dialect." <i>The Black Scholar</i>
(2011): 77–84. Print.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBibliography" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">Endangered Languages Project. <i>Gullah-Geechee,
Endangered Languages Project</i>. 2021. Electronic. 2 January 2024.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBibliography" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">"Gullah." <i>Oceanic Linguistics Special
Publications</i> (1975): 468–480. Print.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBibliography" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">Kelley, Jason. "Lorenzo Dow Turner,
PhD’26." <i>University of Chicago Magazine</i> November-December 2010.
Electronic.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBibliography" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">National Park Service. <i>Low Country Gullah Culture
Special Resource Study and Final Environmental Impact Statement</i>. Atlanta:
NPS Southeast Regional Office, 2005. Print.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBibliography" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">Smithsonian Journeys. "Photo: Language and
Storytelling Southern Style." <i>Smithsonian Journeys</i> 26 January
2010. Electronic.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6455072248513237205.post-65691212520772893632024-02-10T01:30:00.011-06:002024-02-10T01:30:00.136-06:00Applied Anthropologist Profile: Dr. Leandris Liburd, Acting Director for the CDC’s Office of Health Equity <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
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<p></p><p class="MsoNormal">Healthcare is a serious and essential aspect of people’s
lives, but the reality is that not everyone has equal access to healthcare, let
along quality healthcare.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There are
various reasons for this, which include individual but also systematic
barriers.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Medical anthropologists have
been at the forefront of studying these factors, and one such medical
anthropologist who has contributed a significant amount of time and research to
this topic is Dr. Leandris Liburd, who is currently the Acting Director for the
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)’s Office of Health
Equity.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This blog post is dedicated to
addressing her outstanding contributions and continued efforts in addressing
and resolving healthcare disparities that exist in the United States.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Dr. Leandris Liburd has dedicated her education and career
efforts to understanding and resolving health care inequities for underserved
communities.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In 1980 she earned her
Bachelor of Arts degree in Urban Community Studies and Health from the University
of Michigan at Ann Arbor.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She
immediately entered graduate school at the University of North Carolina, where
she enrolled in their Master of Public Health program.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She focused her work on health education/health
behavior.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This enabled her to work at
both the local and state levels as both a health educator and public health
researcher.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In 1987 she joined the CDC.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Since then she has worked in various
positions with the CDC her work has already followed a consistent theme: addressing
health care inequities among underserved populations.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She has tackled these complex issues in
various ways, from working in community health promotion, chronic disease
prevent, research, and more.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">She ultimately returned to graduate school in 2000.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She first earned her Master’s in cultural
anthropology and immediately followed that up with a PhD in medical
anthropology, both from Emory University in Atlanta.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>From here she began to take on more
leadership positions within the CDC, first serving as a Branch Chief (before
completing her doctorate) and eventually moving into the position she currently
serves: the Acting Director of the CDC’s Office of Health Equity.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She earned this distinguished position
through her hard work and previous experiences leading other areas of the CDC, again
with the community health and health inequities perspectives at the forefront.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Her dedication to her research and work has been honored
numerous times over the decades.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She has
received multiple awards from the CDC and top medical programs and institutions
from across the nation.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She was honored
for her work in diabetes awareness and prevention, addressing healthcare inequities
and disparities, distinguished service, and more.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">She has no plans in stopping as she continues to do the work
that must be done in providing greater and equitable access to healthcare
across the United States.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She is credited
in leading the agency’s work concerning minority health, health equity, and
women’s health, using data driven approaches and identifying the agency’s
vision in addressing these issues to better the health outcomes for minorities
across the nation.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Additionally, it was
her efforts that led to the expansion of programs to train the next generation
of healthcare professionals as she was integral in the implementation and growth
of two important CDC programs: Lewis Scholars Program (formerly the CDC
Undergraduate Public Health Scholars Program) and the James A. Ferguson
Emerging Infectious Diseases Graduate Fellowship. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Taken together, her work has been instrumental
in drawing much needed attention to healthcare disparities, as well as finding
solutions to closing those gaps.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>While
they are not yet closed there are no doubts that her efforts will help lead to
a successful conclusion in short order and over subsequent generations.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<h1>Bibliography</h1>
<p class="MsoBibliography" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2023,
February 21). <i>Office of Health Equity (OHE): Leandris Liburd, PhD, MPH,
MA.</i> Retrieved from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention:
https://www.cdc.gov/about/leadership/leaders/ohe.html</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBibliography" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (n.d.). <i>About
Dr. Liburd.</i> Retrieved from Conversations in Equity, CDC:
https://blogs.cdc.gov/healthequity/about-dr-liburd/</span></p>
<p class="MsoBibliography" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">Emory University. (2022). <i>Leandris Liburd,
Adjunct Associate Professor.</i> Retrieved from Rollins School of Public
Health, Emory University:
https://sph.emory.edu/faculty/profile/index.php?FID=leandris-liburd-8947</span></p>
<p class="MsoBibliography" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">Liburd, L. (n.d.). Biographical Sketch. <i>CDC
Conference.</i> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6455072248513237205.post-68371829634115637552024-02-03T01:30:00.014-06:002024-02-03T01:30:00.131-06:00Anthropologist Profile: Dr. Darius Bittle-Dockery<br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiiBAS00UY5v_equiYmCyPqCAZ62foWAi2aVK4jg_-NicIxPqJ4Pbu6IVC0cDkV6wntV66k6bfx_ytWFv71Ug8V9vAJXsTN9XjTxQtbssGNE_nxG76aQKVs3a_niVvUDAhhx9hyphenhyphenO8FzDj6rt5seguZotMwJG2dhGxuzk2iOEK2_OVtyIQZWaSHoz176FeU/s800/Darius%20Bittle%20Dockery.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="800" data-original-width="800" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiiBAS00UY5v_equiYmCyPqCAZ62foWAi2aVK4jg_-NicIxPqJ4Pbu6IVC0cDkV6wntV66k6bfx_ytWFv71Ug8V9vAJXsTN9XjTxQtbssGNE_nxG76aQKVs3a_niVvUDAhhx9hyphenhyphenO8FzDj6rt5seguZotMwJG2dhGxuzk2iOEK2_OVtyIQZWaSHoz176FeU/w320-h320/Darius%20Bittle%20Dockery.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Dr. Darius Bittle-Dockery (Image Source: LinkedIn)<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><p><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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</p><p class="MsoNormal">Can you recall a time when you or someone you know was asked
what you want to do with your life, and you had difficulties answering that
question?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Perhaps the answer was
difficult to come up with because it was new and not something that had been
seriously considered previously.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Or the
answer was difficult to specify because of the variety of interests and goals
that one wanted to achieve, paralyzing one by the possibilities and options available
to them.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I bring this latter point up
because one of the wonderful things about anthropology, which can be simplified
to the study of people, is that it allows one to explore various different
interests, so long as those interests involve people in some way.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Today’s anthropologist being profiled in this
blog post exemplifies this point.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Dr.
Darius Bittle-Dockery has led quite a vibrant career over his lifetime,
demonstrating how anthropology can open doors to different opportunities and allow
for the exploration of many interest.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Dr. Darius Bittle-Dockery earned his Bachelor of Arts degree
in Anthropology, with a minor in Philosophy, from Tufts University (Massachusetts)
in 2010.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As an undergraduate student he
took the opportunity to pursue independent, grant sponsored research through
the National Science Foundation.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>His project
enabled him to use his cultural anthropological experience to better understand
the relationships among disc jockeys, the music industry, and listeners to gain
a greater understanding of society and mass media.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">This was his first foray into anthropological research, but
it was not his first experience doing something on his own. In 2008
Bittle-Dockery became the brainchild of a company, DNA Custom Productions.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He started the apparel company by drawing
designs in his home. He later teamed up with two of his classmates, Andres Naim
and Ben Betcher, and they grew the company, which catered to mass produced
apparel with custom designs.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They marketed
their products to various campus organizations and groups at Tufts University, which
made up the bulk of their customer base.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Bittle-Dockery credited the company’s success to superior customer
service and a price match guarantee.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
three students enjoyed their work and they wanted to provide quality products
that satisfied their customers’ wants and needs.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>While they were not focused on making a huge
profit their company netted a modest $25,000 in gross revenue every semester.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ultimately, the company was sold almost two
years after they started it for almost ten times their initial investment.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">After graduating from Tufts University Bittle-Dockery joined
the Peace Corps, where he was stationed in rural Jordan.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Here he was responsible for providing
training and education to local residents on technology.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He and his fellow Peace Corps volunteers set
up computers and related technology, and then they provided instruction to
individuals of all ages on how to use that newly installed technology.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This may very well have been part of the inspiration
for Bittle-Dockery’s doctoral research.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">That would not come about until several years later.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He bounced among various jobs before joining
the University of Pittsburgh’s doctoral program.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>His positions varied as he worked in
business, nonprofits, and international non-governmental organizations, but
they focused largely on research, grant writing, and user services.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>All these experiences were later put toward
his doctoral pursuits, which drew upon various theoretical approaches and ethnographic
methods in assessing the connections among communication technology, information
networks, and chronic disease among Syrian refugees in Jordan. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In addition to his research he amassed several
awards and served in various professional organizations. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In 2022 he graduated with two degrees from the
University of Pittsburgh: a Ph.D. and a M.P.H. in Medical Anthropology and
Behavioral & Community Health Sciences, respectively.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">What is Dr. Bittle-Dockery up to these days?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Well, a couple of things.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He is currently the VP, Senior Experience
Strategist for PNC, a bank based in Pittsburgh.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>He also works on projects related to improving financial literacy and
providing professional mentorship among BIPOC youth with Project Come Up.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He remains interested in his research, with
his interests in medical anthropology, surveillance studies, and human ecology
(the study of how environment, biology, technology, and demographics affect
human cultures and systems).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It will be
interesting to see where his experiences and his interests take him as he continues
in his varied but fruitful career.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<h1>Bibliography</h1>
<p class="MsoBibliography" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">Bittle-Dockery, D. (2023, December 11). <i>Darius
Bittle-Dockery.</i> Retrieved from Department of Anthropology, University of
Pittsburgh: https://www.anthropology.pitt.edu/people/darius-bittle-dockery</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBibliography" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">Bittle-Dockery, D. (n.d.). <i>Darius Bittle-Dockery,
LinkedIn Profile</i>. Retrieved from LinkedIn:
https://www.linkedin.com/in/dariusbdockery/</span></p>
<p class="MsoBibliography" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">The Tufts Daily. (2008, October). If the shirt fits,
customize it, order it, wear it. <i>The Tufts Daily</i>, p. 1.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6455072248513237205.post-87273646637603864442024-01-27T01:30:00.006-06:002024-01-27T01:30:00.133-06:00Applied Anthropologist Profile: Kerri Klein, Applied Anthropology Graduate Student & Founder of the Burial Hill 3D Digitization Project<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwOFUpYUsjqfnYAkq1fnepSjQzlUdukkBHwwpVdIQZX-r2_Etk7VvQM6Feca6xj4Fc8OG4rD9OuM3gyqJj_UqOpZ9i6c5jNwI4GlSNemlFKmQ2WdD3qS9VkWAYqiy4Xa3LdEJgrgPARdSed3x72ykEUFRWjRdu8vA9YMwTHCTUY1kMD1NaA9af_2GDfPw/s760/Klein%20photograph%20by%20Anya%20Gruber.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="508" data-original-width="760" height="214" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwOFUpYUsjqfnYAkq1fnepSjQzlUdukkBHwwpVdIQZX-r2_Etk7VvQM6Feca6xj4Fc8OG4rD9OuM3gyqJj_UqOpZ9i6c5jNwI4GlSNemlFKmQ2WdD3qS9VkWAYqiy4Xa3LdEJgrgPARdSed3x72ykEUFRWjRdu8vA9YMwTHCTUY1kMD1NaA9af_2GDfPw/s320/Klein%20photograph%20by%20Anya%20Gruber.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Kerri Klein photographing a tombstone at Burial Hill Cemetery (Source: Anya Gruber)<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><p class="MsoNormal"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Archaeology focuses on the study of the material culture to
understand lifeways and cultures of the past.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Archaeological evidence can be used to support already documented
historical evidence, or it can serve as the sole piece of historical
evidence.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sometimes it can be both.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This is the case for the Burial Hill Cemetery
site in Plymouth, Massachusetts.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Situated
on the ancestral lands of the Wampanoag Indians and the former site of early
colonists’ long since abandoned settlement this cemetery is a great source of
historical and archaeological information pertaining to both known and yet to
be discovered and/or investigated histories.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>This information, however, is at great risk of loss through natural and
man-made forces, which is in part why applied anthropology doctoral student
Kerri Klein initiated the <i>Burial Hill 3D Digitization Project.</i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Klein, who is from the area, was always interested in
learning more about her community’s local history, leading her to pursue a
preservation project of the Burial Hill Cemetery.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The cemetery had only been recently (as of
2015) been listed under the National Register for Historic Places, which encouraged
greater attention and emphasis on the cemetery’s preservation, but up until
that point the cemetery had undergone damage from both natural and man-made
forces.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Klein decided to pursue her
doctoral studies in applied anthropology under the supervision of Antoinette
Jackson, an anthropologist at the University of South Florida.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Jackson is also the founder of The Black
Cemetery Network, an organization committed to protecting historically Black
cemeteries.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Klein drew upon Jackson’s
work to begin documenting and preserving the cemetery’s tombstones through
photographs in order to utilize the photogrammetry method, which is a means of
using 2-dimensional photographs to recreate 3-dimensional (3D) images and models.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Klein’s interests eventually grew into the <i>Burial Hill 3D
Digitization Project</i>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Klein was
inspired to pursue this project when she working at the site and was approached
by a blind woman and her daughter.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They
wanted to know where a specific memorial at the cemetery was located, which Klein
guided them to.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She realized that the
pathway was inaccessible for individuals with mobility or sight issues, such as
was the case for the blind woman who requested her assistance.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The mother and daughter managed to get to the
monument, thereby learning and enjoying the history and information associated
with it.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This experience inspired Klein
to want to increase the accessibility to the site, particularly for those who
could not access it due to mobility/ability challenges or who lacked the financial
means of getting to the cemetery.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This
project also serves an additional purpose: it preserves the tombstones for
study by scholars and members of the public.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Klein’s project began in 2021 and requires her to photograph
all 2300 gravestones present at the site.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The scope and size of the cemetery is too large of an undertaking for
just Klein, so she enlists the aid of family members and volunteers associated
with the Friends of Burial Hill organization.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>She trains volunteers to take the necessary photographs, which must be
taken from several angles to recreate the three dimensional models of the
gravestones, using their own phones, making it an easy and worthwhile project
for those interested in the cause.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">As the cemetery is the final resting place for various historical
figures, including but not limited to Plymouth Colony governors, notable Revolutionary
activists, and important Wampanoag individuals, there is a wealth of historical
and cultural information recorded among the tombstones. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Furthermore, the cemetery holds information
concerning individuals who have not been well documented, such as African
Americans military personnel and civilians interred at the cemetery. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
preservation of their stories and information is key to aiding in discovering,
learning, and reinforcing accurate historical narratives concerning not only
the area but American histories.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Klein
hopes that these untold stories can get the necessary attention required to
entice researchers to investigate these neglected histories further, as well as
provide greater insights into other subjects, such as the work of stonemasons,
the names and histories of the residents throughout the period of use of the
cemetery, temporal trends in cemetery use and mortuary styles, epidemic trends,
linguistic trends, religious studies, and more.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Klein’s work is already paying off as several tombstones
have been fully digitized and 3D models available on the <a href="https://sketchfab.com/usfidex/collections/burial-hill-cemetery-plymouth-massachusetts-85c1cb21f2a249d8a85f9ce23c1d176f">project’s
website</a>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Hopefully, her continued
efforts, along with the hard work of dedicated volunteers, will lead to more
and greater historical information being learned and shared.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<h1>References</h1>
<p class="MsoBibliography" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">CAS Chronicles. (2022, January 21). <i>3D DIGITAL
PRESERVATION OF HISTORICAL CEMETERY OF EARLY AMERICANS .</i> Retrieved from
CAS Chronicles:
https://www.usf.edu/arts-sciences/hub/2022/3d-digital-preservation-of-historical-cemetery-of-early-americans.aspx</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBibliography" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">Gruber, A. (2023, March 30). Can Digitizing
Gravestones Save History? <i>Sapiens</i>.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBibliography" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">Steinberg, J. (2014, June 19). <i>Plymouth Burial
Hill 3D View of Excavation Unit 3.</i> Retrieved from The Fiske Center Blog:
https://blogs.umb.edu/fiskecenter/2014/06/19/plymouth-burial-hill-3d-view-of-excavation-unit-3/</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6455072248513237205.post-8223892271965599632024-01-20T01:30:00.012-06:002024-01-20T01:30:00.131-06:00A Profitable Partnership: Anthropology & Adidas<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibecMR0sJ9_KFopeqHvjmVmwL5Y0zta-8eW2TgNv0mjxEejCffLsBUNH8efLBbYWhtHo0MONhdo79HDDnYQLxAUpbTZW0evMjDZwgf4ybqBE58ROkEkbKYbWsr5KKwC2v66y1SPY5hu1li8rrmvKyj-64v2v82B9ibKfUNL9oh5GuDnrYfJgBqmrKWffM/s800/Adidas%20anthro.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="450" data-original-width="800" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibecMR0sJ9_KFopeqHvjmVmwL5Y0zta-8eW2TgNv0mjxEejCffLsBUNH8efLBbYWhtHo0MONhdo79HDDnYQLxAUpbTZW0evMjDZwgf4ybqBE58ROkEkbKYbWsr5KKwC2v66y1SPY5hu1li8rrmvKyj-64v2v82B9ibKfUNL9oh5GuDnrYfJgBqmrKWffM/w400-h225/Adidas%20anthro.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><br />
<p class="MsoNormal">When people think about what sorts of degrees are needed to
enter into any business industry they more often than not think of the obvious
options: business degrees.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>While this
remains true there are various other ways that individuals interested in
working in business can go about doing so.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Most recently, social scientists, particularly anthropologists, have
been in high demand, outpacing the demand for individuals with traditional
business degrees.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Various businesses,
such as <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/16/technology/intels-sharp-eyed-social-scientist.html?_r=0">Intel</a>,
Microsoft, and Google, are hiring anthropologists to help them better analyze
and understand consumer data.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This is
because anthropologists bring a skill set that teases out more specific and
detailed information that large, traditional methods and data sets cannot pick out,
making anthropologists and other related social scientists valuable and in
demand resources.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Today’s blog post will
focus on one such profitable partnership between anthropologists and the
athletic business giant Adidas.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Founded in 1949 Adidas has and continues to remain a competitive
company in the creation and marketing of athletic and sporting goods and attire.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>From the company’s founding they drew inspiration
from various well-known athletes, many of whom received sponsorship and endorsements
from the company to help market their products.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Adidas’s design and marketing teams were driven by the idea that
competition and athletic prowess drew consumers to their products, and until
the early 2000s this idea dominated their mission.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This all changed, though, when VP James
Carnes observed everyday people wearing athletic attire outside of the
gym.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They were wearing athletic attire
while at the coffee shop, while jogging, on their way to yoga class, and
more.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Carnes was perplexed by this because
he expected his brand to be on athletes, not nonathletic individuals, leading
him to investigate this matter further.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Carnes’s curiosity led to Adidas hiring ReD Associates, a
Copenhagen-based consultancy that employs a range of individuals not with
business degrees but social science and humanities degrees to dig deeper into
consumer patterns and trends.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ReD’s anthropological
team trained the Adidas designers in anthropological methods, particularly <a href="https://humerusrevelations.blogspot.com/2017/06/doing-anthropology-exploring.html">cultural
anthropological methods</a> such as participant observation and interview
methods.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The ReD anthropological team
also reached out directly to consumers and asked them to take pictures of what
motivated them to work out and wear athletic wear.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The ReD anthropological team realized a
consistent theme among the surveyed participants photos: they wanted to look
sexy based on sociocultural beauty standards.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>From an American perspective this promotes a body image of a thin,
athletic physique.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ultimately, this led the
ReD anthropologists to conclude that consumers did not want to perform athletically
for the purposes of having a competitive edge that enabled them to win; they
worked out to maintain a healthy lifestyle and meet the demands of the American
beauty norms.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Executives at Adidas realized that they had misjudged a
large consumer base, which they were underserving.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They concluded that they did not just have to
market to athletes.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They could and should
market to the everyday person who wanted to work out to be healthy and beautiful,
thereby necessitating a different type of athletic wear and gear.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Adidas stepped up and created their
athleisure wear line to meet this consumer demand, making huge profits in the
process.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The relationship between Adidas and ReD Associates did not
stop there, though.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>About a decade later
they worked together again, this time to determine how best to create athletic
shoes for soccer players.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ReD’s
anthropological team interviewed German soccer players to figure out what they
needed out of a shoe, realizing a shoe that enhanced performance, particularly speed,
was needed.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Soccer shoes were not
necessarily built to support that.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
players required a running shoe that was built to assist them in maintaining
performance levels to enhance their speed, but these types of shoes are not
conducive to the rigorous footwork required of soccer playing.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Adidas took this information and designed a
running shoe that could be used on the soccer field, which they debuted in 2010.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The soccer teams that adopted these new
hybrid shoes were pleased and impressed, crediting them with giving them the competitive
advantage that secured them various wins.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The biggest win was scoring the most goals at the World Cup that
happened that year (which to readers unfamiliar with the World Cup is the
paramount international competition that any soccer player or team can
participate in, demonstrating the positive impression players had on these
shoes).</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Ultimately, Adidas’s success has inspired companies across
various industries to rethink their approaches to creating and marketing their
products.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They could no longer rely on
their preconceived notions of what the customer wanted and needed; they needed
to learn what the customer wanted and needed by better understanding the
sociocultural and biocultural environments they exist in, be it for work,
pleasure, health, etc.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They began to
rethink and revolutionize their previous market survey approaches, which were
faulty because they relied on closed-ended questions that limited the scope of information
that could be collected from consumers.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>They also ran on the assumption that consumers were always truthful in
their responses, which is unrealistic, particularly when consumers are surveyed
about topics that they feel can and will present them in a negative way if they
were completely truthful.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Anthropological methods could bypass these issues by enabling companies
to really understand their consumers’ needs and wants, thereby creating and
marketing products that they actually want and will use.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This leads to happier and satisfied customers
and greater profit margins for the companies.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<h1>Works Cited</h1>
<p class="MsoBibliography" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">Baer, D. (2014, March 27). Here's Why Companies Are
Desperate To Hire Anthropologists . <i>Business Insider</i>.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBibliography" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">Jess the Avocado. (2022, January 25). How
Anthropology and Adidas Design Shoes Together. <i>Medium</i>.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6455072248513237205.post-14437066990896443872024-01-13T01:30:00.010-06:002024-01-13T01:30:00.135-06:00Applied Anthropologist Profile: Dr. Jesse Goliath, Assistant Professor & Forensic Anthropologist & Archaeologist<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhJihGnTDWVhBZaFEI6H1talwaddCBrH4kMvYM-tjLddwgCJ1LGEWIegax2eAxESRtZHCrRa3pqJJX4vSLbCC1PX5bC9At2BYftElpVVuynAIYa-dzqTtRCd5ROVhMtgycqR9zy_4bNkLJUY3e1axsx6IRh0LjBy9vCv1I7ppbnKmJ35IsXPeqxZ6jj18/s500/Goliath%20J%20by%20Grace%20Cockrell.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="338" data-original-width="500" height="216" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhJihGnTDWVhBZaFEI6H1talwaddCBrH4kMvYM-tjLddwgCJ1LGEWIegax2eAxESRtZHCrRa3pqJJX4vSLbCC1PX5bC9At2BYftElpVVuynAIYa-dzqTtRCd5ROVhMtgycqR9zy_4bNkLJUY3e1axsx6IRh0LjBy9vCv1I7ppbnKmJ35IsXPeqxZ6jj18/s320/Goliath%20J%20by%20Grace%20Cockrell.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Dr. Jesse Goliath (Source: Grace Cockrell)<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><p class="MsoNormal"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The early 2000s saw the rise of various television shows
centering around criminal investigations. These programs inspired scores of
individuals to pursue careers in forensic sciences, including a young Jesse
Goliath, who found a niche that combined his interests in history and science:
forensic anthropology. This blog post will discuss Dr. Jesse Goliath's career
as a rising faculty member, researcher, and applied anthropologist. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Goliath hails from Brooklyn, New York, but was raised in West
Virigina.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Growing up he enjoyed visiting
museums, consuming content related to criminal investigations, as well as
anything involving science and history.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>His passions drove him to seek a career where he could successfully
pursue both, and with the rise of criminal investigation television shows, such
as CSI: Crime Scene Investigation, Goliath’s interests were piqued but not
fully satisfied.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He found the fulfillment
he was seeking in anthropology, specifically <a href="https://humerusrevelations.blogspot.com/2014/02/the-real-forensic-anthropology.html">forensic
anthropology</a> and <a href="https://humerusrevelations.blogspot.com/2018/09/applying-anthropology-forensic.html">forensic
archaeology</a>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He attended the
University of Notre Dame, earning his Bachelors in Anthropology in 2007.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He followed this up by pursuing graduate work
in both anthropology and anatomy at Ohio State University, successfully earning
his PhD in 2017.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Goliath realized having a rigorous education was not enough
to help him secure employment.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He
realized that experience was also necessary.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>He volunteered to consult with the Franklin County medical examiner’s
office and the Columbus (Ohio) Police Department as a forensic anthropologist
and archaeologist.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The majority of the
cases he worked involved unhoused individuals, but this experience did lead him
to be involved in a dangerous case involving a drug cartel when he and his colleagues
located the dumping ground of the cartel’s executed victims.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The danger associated with this investigation
gave him pause, and he decided to pursue safer employment options. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">He next took a position Defense POW/MIA Accounting Agency in
locating and identifying MIA/POWs overseas. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>While he enjoyed this work he realized that he
missed teaching and research, which were not options in this position. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This led him to take a position as an Assistant
Professor at Mississippi State University.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>In this role he teaches a variety of classes, maintains an active
research agenda, and consults for local, state, and federal law enforcement
agencies.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">In the two years he has been at Mississippi State University
he has worked on seven forensic anthropology and archaeology cases, including
the widely publicized Felecia Cox case.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Her
brother-in-law left a written confession that he requested be read after he was
executed by the state of Mississippi (for a different case he was found guilty
of).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In his confession he admitted to
killing Cox and left a crudely drawn map concerning the location of where he
buried her body almost a decade and a half earlier.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Through the use of ground penetrating radar
and assistance from Cox’s family Goliath and his associates were able to locate
and recover her remains.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Goliath noted
that it was difficult seeing the emotional responses of the family, but he was
glad to provide them with the closure they desperately sought and needed.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">It was through these cases that Goliath realized the need
for a state-wide database containing information of both missing persons and
the biological profiles of unidentified deceased individuals.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A federal database already exists, but
individual states are not mandated to contribute data to it, leading to gaps in
information that is critical to both law enforcement agencies to help them
resolve cases and families of missing individuals to understand what happened
to their missing loved ones.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Goliath and
his Mississippi State University colleague Jordan Lynton Cox moved forward with
the research necessary to create and implement the Mississippi Repository for
Missing and Unidentified Persons, which launched in November 2023.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This database makes information concerning
missing persons and the biological profiles of unidentified deceased individuals
available to the public, which can then be used by either law enforcement
personnel or members of the public to help resolve open cases.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Goliath cited a need for this database to alleviate
the backlog of unsolved cases and help with victim identification, particularly
for People of Color.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Goliath’s short career has had a very promising start, and
it is expected that he will continue to his successes that will benefit his
students as well as the public at large.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>This is said because his research concentrations are in improving
current forensic methods and analytical techniques, and his focus on overlooked
but important issues within the field means that these areas will receive the
attention and resolution they need.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<h1>References</h1>
<p class="MsoBibliography" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">Goliath, J. (2022). <i>About</i>. Retrieved from
Jesse R. Goliath, PhD, RPA: Skeletal Biologist/Forensic Anthropologist:
https://www.jessegoliath.com/</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBibliography" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">Lassetter, S. (2023, Summer). Closure. <i>Mississippi
State University Alumnus</i>.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBibliography" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">Nicholas, S. (2022, October 31). <i>Jesse Goliath.</i>
Retrieved from Mississippi State University:
https://www.msstate.edu/our-people/2022/10/jesse-goliath</span></p>
<p class="MsoBibliography" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">Nicholas, S. (2023, November 1). <i>MSU
anthropologist hopes to crack Mississippi cold cases with help from new
online database.</i> Retrieved from Mississippi State University:
https://www.msstate.edu/newsroom/article/2023/11/msu-anthropologist-hopes-crack-mississippi-cold-cases-help-new-online?fbclid=IwAR0aUOrY0Lo4iyoRNaPqfSHnKBggLwvo0qx1AbzjiVGEY1hb7rk1A7At4pE</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6455072248513237205.post-61081652568391075612024-01-06T00:30:00.001-06:002024-01-06T00:30:00.137-06:00Spotlight on Students: Thinking Like An Archaeologist<p><i>Thinking like an archaeologist is one of the most challenging
exercises a novice or inexperienced person can do, including beginner
archaeologists. For one of the SA 202: Introduction to Anthropology
assignments students were tasked with doing just that. By viewing the
familiar as the unfamiliar they gained important insights into the
challenges archaeologists face, and several of them did exceptionally
well in the exercise. Here is a student's piece that was eligible for and agreed to be published.</i></p><p><i> </i></p><p><i><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXjn52C4ljCGTfYLB9Or1aWlv97x4OTEY1DGMOXM8oOcOt-pgv7mTzpG-YqJBkLi_HrANqXtqb2vMN1S_wMRVx4gpj8BeQcPM8pmde9vDeMxxw6MRHznrR1HoWaKkhyphenhyphen64bPQwfku-YFWjDTsXRD0eJAW25C5_rP9Ls1Goz_lOBsumSvl35oRghfdyM_ww/s1907/Stewart%20Map.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1907" data-original-width="1430" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXjn52C4ljCGTfYLB9Or1aWlv97x4OTEY1DGMOXM8oOcOt-pgv7mTzpG-YqJBkLi_HrANqXtqb2vMN1S_wMRVx4gpj8BeQcPM8pmde9vDeMxxw6MRHznrR1HoWaKkhyphenhyphen64bPQwfku-YFWjDTsXRD0eJAW25C5_rP9Ls1Goz_lOBsumSvl35oRghfdyM_ww/w480-h640/Stewart%20Map.jpg" width="480" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Map of the site (Source: Liz Stewart)<br /></td></tr></tbody></table> </i><span style="color: #4472c4; mso-themecolor: accent1;"> <br /></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><b>By: Elizabeth
(Liz) Stewart</b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="p1"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span class="s1"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal;">On the 17th</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></b></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">of</span></span><span class="s1"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal;"> December in the year 2120 a mass exodus of the Earth’s
living oxygen dependent life forms began. Due to centuries of planetary neglect
and abuse caused by Earth’s most dominant mammal population the </span></span><span class="s1"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal;">Homo sapiens</span></i></span><span class="s1"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal;">
(human) soil, air, and water toxicity elevated, causing global temperatures to
escalate.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This created a combination of
conditions inhabitable for even the planet’s most resilient life form</span></span><span class="s2"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></span><span class="s2"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Periplaneta
americana</span></i></span><span class="s2"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">, the cockroach, resulting in the planets
mass evacuation and vacant occupancy. Scholars from my planet Namreh have been
interested in the once plentiful planet for millions of years, but fear of the
planet’s wide variety of living organisms, coupled with the absence of
knowledge pertaining to Earth, and the lack of adequate technology to travel
the vast distance between locations has kept exploration from becoming a
reality until now. Recent discoveries have provided evidence that in the past
1,103 years free of human contact Earth has been in a constant stage of
recovery. As an archaeologist I have been chosen to join a small team of
Namretian scientists on a voyage to planet Earth. Our mission upon arrival is
to analyze the structural remains and artifacts contained within abandoned
during the planet's evacuation. We will be using said findings to gain
knowledge of the human species. Ideally information collected from this survey
will give the Namretians a better understanding of the human species and its
time on earth.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span></p>
<p class="p1"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The
location assigned to me by leadership resembles a cube the structure consisting
of four walls, a ceiling, and a flat level wooden floor.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Overall, the structure is 10 feet wide, 11 feet
in length, and has a height of 10 feet. Three walls contain cut outs of various
sizes that have been replaced with a material different from which the wall was
constructed. Smooth in texture the white walls are durable but not impenetrable
as small cylindrical holes are easily viewed upon visual inspection. Wall
number one facing north is how I made entry into the location; it features a
large rectangular cut out in its center that starts at the base where the floor
and wall meet. This cut out measures 3 feet wide by 8 feet high.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Attached to the right side of the cut out by
two silver metal hinges is a white panel that swing with little effort into the
area; smooth in texture the panel is hard but not solid or heavy. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Upon tapping the panel, it appears be hollow and
is constructed from a substance different from that of the wall. Roughly 3 feet
from the panels base on the left, there is a round brownish metal mechanism that
protrudes 3 inches from either side of the panel. It turns either direction and
contains a locking device activated either by a twist control or a key. The
east wall (wall two) bears a purposely cut cavity 5 feet by 2 feet by 8 feet. Containing
a bare horizontal white wooden shelf, five feet from the floor, there runs a
round rod an inch in circumference beneath and parallel to the shelf.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The pole is supported by the north and south cavity
walls, and metal and plastic triangles with hooks protruding out the top point,
are dangling from the rod. The entire entrance to the cavity is enclosed by two
suspended panels that slide along a metal track and are like that of the site’s
entry portal in construction but lack the metal locking mechanism. </span></p>
<p class="p1" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">2 feet from the cavity
found pushed against wall two is artifact one.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>It is a wooden container with a reflective glass plank attached
vertically to its most superior surface. The container measures 3 feet wide by 1
foot in length and 3 feet tall.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The reflective
surface is 2 feet wide, 2 feet tall, and only about an inch thick. The
container has four rolling drawers accessible only by small metal knobs protruding
from the east facing side of the container. Within the drawer are small fabric garments
of various colors, sizes, and shapes. </span></p>
<p class="p1" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">The southern wall
(wall three) contains a square cut-out centered directly across from the entry
portal. Transparent glass rectangles with metal boarders fill the cut-out
space. Roughly 8 inches to the west of the cut-out artifact two was found.
Occupying a large amount of space, artifact two is placed in the corner where walls
three and four meet, and this artifact consists of multiple pieces. Constructed
from wood that has been glossed with an unknown chemical the bottom portion of
the object appears to act as a frame or support for the superiorly located objects.
Its entire structure stands on four wooden legs resembling an “L” shape. The
tallest portion of this artifact is located on wall 3 and stands 4 feet tall and
about 5 feet wide. The shorter portion stands only 1.5 feet tall and about 5
feet wide.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It is attached to the
inferior side of the tall portion and extends 6 and a half feet to the north. </span></p>
<p class="p1" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Resting atop this
wooden piece is a rectangle measuring 5 feet wide and 6.5 feet long with a height
of 1.5 feet. Its construction is remarkable, although time and the environment have
aged large sections of the outer layer fabric, which is a pale orange or cream
color. I believe it was originally white due to the bright white exhibited on the
surfaces protected from exposure to the elements.</span><span style="font-family: "UICTFontTextStyleBody",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"> Soft to the touch it has a somewhat
fluffy appearance capable of supporting items. It contours to items based on individual
curves or corners present but does not absorb them. The central piece was found
to be of great density, weighing an estimated 125 pounds due to the
gravitational pull of Earth. Visual examination leads one to believe an internal
fame is present, supporting the weight of items placed on the superior surface;
however, when lifted the object becomes flimsy, incapable of independently standing
on any it's sides, excluding the top and bottom (position in which it was found).
For the final section of artifact two, its most superior portion consists of
two rectangular objects with rounded corners that are 2 feet long and 1 foot
wide.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It is lying parallel to the south
wall.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A large piece of fabric 6 feet
wide and 8 feet long is purposefully laid to cover the entire surface of the
middle component. I </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">believe all three to be constructed from a man-made
lightweight cotton blend of some kind as they do not show remarkable changes in
pigment but maintain an even red color. The rectangular pieces are filled with feathers
from some type of bird and weigh roughly a pound each, while the large fabric
piece’s weight is estimated to be 2 pounds. </span></p>
<p class="p1" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Artifact three was in
the center of the surveyed area.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It was rectangular
in shape, with dimensions of 6 feet wide and 8 feet long.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It is approximately 4 pounds in weight. The
inferior surface is a tan plastic fabric blend of some type, apparent from the
shiny rubber like circular spots present. The superior surface is covered in 2
inch long, very thin, vertically standing black plastic fibers that resemble fur
of some type. </span></p>
<p class="p1" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Lastly, located in
the corner where the north and west wall meet was a small wooden sculpture standing
2 feet tall.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It was made from a square 2-inch
by 2-inch dowel rod with strategically placed diagonal groves on all four sides
that span the entire length of the dowel rod. Each grove contains one of four
sized circular wooden discs with circumference measurements of 1 inch., 1.5 inches,
2 inches, and 2.5 inches, respectively. The discs varied in color depending on
its size; the smallest disc was coated yellow, followed by orange, red, and the
largest was blue. They were arranged with the smallest at the top and the
largest at the bottom, producing a spiral effect.</span></p>
<p class="p1"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span></p>
<p class="p1"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Upon concluding my investigation, it is my
belief that this location was used to store precious objects, pray, and leave
offerings for their gods. Artifact one may have been used to store religious
ritualistic garments as evident by the few carefully placed and neatly folded garments
remaining in the drawers. Its vertical reflective surface provides its user an
opportunity to verify a presentable appearance before beginning religious
activities. Artifact two is thought to be an alter for which gifts and
offerings can be placed, or the dead could lay here during ceremonies. This
conclusion is due to its higher elevation from the wood floor, the wood base’s
decorative glossy finish, and the better quality of the red fabric covering. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I believe artifact three to be a prayer rug
due to its location and the color contrast between it and the altar. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The vertical fibers offering cushion to the
patron while kneeling in prayer or praise. Finally, artifact four may have been
used in ceremony rituals to represent the variety of believers uniting in order
achieve ascension into the heavens as each disc is independent from the next
but reliant on the dowel for security.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>They create the visually appealing spiral when all discs are present and
in the correct location.</span></p>
<p class="p1"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>While pretending to be an
archaeologist from the distant planet Namreh sent to survey Earth was exciting it
was also a mental work out of the imagination. While the scenario played out
within this essay lacked unforeseen problems and complications the same cannot
be said for real archaeological work. Archaeologists today can face problems when
interpreting artifacts due to differences in cultural background, resulting in
misconceptions of artifact purposes or meaning and its past owner. An example
of which would be a White archaeologist from America interpreting a small hut
in a developing country and misidentifies a small altar for a bed due to the
fact that they themselves have never slept anywhere but in a bed. Another issue
for archaeology is looting, which can be devastating to an archaeologist reliant
on drawing from context clues for important historical information. According
to Rebecca Sgouros: “An artifact can provide a large amount of information to
an archaeologist. Its shape and physical features can tell them how it was
used, as a cutting tool, for example, and the </span><a href="https://www.natickhistoricalsociety.org/archaeology-glossary" target="_blank"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">context </span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-themecolor: text1;">in which it was found can provide further conclusions. If
this cutting tool was found with animal bone, we might infer that hunting,
butchering, or cooking activities had happened here.” Looting funds terrorist
organizations and put archaeologists lives in danger, “The destruction and
looting of Iraqi and Syrian cultural heritage are well documented. Experts
agree that terrorist groups intend to obtain artifacts and other material culture
to profit from an existing market for ancient Near Eastern art and antiquities,
especially ancient coins” (Pineda). Vandalism and destruction are also large issues
where archaeologists can only draw conclusions from what is present at a site.
If artifacts are destroyed and removed from the site before the archaeologists have
time to investigate and record their existence, then who is to say they ever
existed. Dr. Christine Boston (2023) said, “Whoever controls the past
ultimately can control the narrative of the present”. An example of trying to
erase history by destroying its proof would be the Taliban governments deliberate
destruction of Buddha statues in order to falsify the Islamic history in their
favor and remove any evidence contradicting its claims. “When the Taliban
announced their plan to destroy the statues in 2001, they had come under heavy
international pressure to keep them standing. But, </span><a href="https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/taliban-run-kabul-city-government-tells-female-workers-stay-home-n1279616" target="_blank"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">labeling them un-Islamic</span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-themecolor: text1;">, the group brought the statues
down using heavy explosives” (Joselow).</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #4472c4; mso-themecolor: accent1;"> </span></p>
<p class="p1"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Those
ignorant of the past are destined to repeat its mistakes, which is one reason why
archaeology is so important and should not be taken for granted. The work
conducted by archaeologists gives scholars insight and knowledge from the past
and its inhabitants. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Archaeologists must
be able to draw from the evidence present around them, which is why
preservation of the site's contents is so important.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Additionally, this information is critical in
allowing archaeologists to be able to make unbiased conclusions.</span></p>
<p class="p1"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="p1"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 5;"> </span>Works
cited.</span></p>
<p class="p1"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span></p>
<p class="p1" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="color: #05103e; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Boston, C. E. & Lincoln University. (n.d.). Chapter 19:
Materiality Constructing Social Relationships & Meanings With
Things [Slide 4,11; Power point].].</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 28.35pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -28.35pt;"><span style="color: #05103e; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">Joselow, Gabe, and
Rachel Elbaum. “The Taliban Destroyed Afghanistan’s Ancient Buddhas. Now
They’re Welcoming Tourists.” NBCNews.Com, NBCUniversal News Group, 24 Nov.
2021,
www.nbcnews.com/news/world/taliban-destroyed-afghanistans-ancient-buddhas-now-welcoming-tourists-rcna6307. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 28.35pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -28.35pt;"><span style="color: #05103e; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">Pineda, Sam. “Tackling
Illicit Trafficking of Antiquities and Its Ties to Terrorist Financing - United
States Department of State.” U.S. Department of State, U.S. Department of
State, 1 Dec. 2020, 2017-2021.state.gov/tackling-illicit-trafficking-of-antiquities-and-its-ties-to-terrorist-financing/. </span></p>
<p style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="color: #05103e; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sgouros, Rebecca. “How Archaeologists Study
the Past.” Natick Historical Society, NATICK HISTORY MUSEUM,
www.natickhistoricalsociety.org/how-archaeologists-study. Accessed 19 Nov.
2023. </span></p>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6455072248513237205.post-59150101327842059812023-12-30T01:30:00.005-06:002023-12-30T01:30:00.132-06:00Spotlight on Students: Thinking Like An Archaeologist<p><i>Thinking like an archaeologist is one of the most challenging
exercises a novice or inexperienced person can do, including beginner
archaeologists. For one of the SA 202: Introduction to Anthropology
assignments students were tasked with doing just that. By viewing the
familiar as the unfamiliar they gained important insights into the
challenges archaeologists face, and several of them did exceptionally
well in the exercise. Here is a student's piece that was eligible for and agreed to be published.</i> <br /></p><p> </p><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWmQfvrSH8m5Q-wG5gHxLl0sLn1WADDYCWKFIhC1GS3avlduGofEwn1y3zo020XKK7VeRXsYxL5mbMlEZebT9H2ZhIIa0dTYr6SG3nVNH7qqxydsFJ3tDT07cXBjPUgJKrzDiAEInLqIG8VehdKAsqouQufk7XwFYWkO2S6O4hSR_aUym_5Po0ZkEwuBQ/s1851/Voegeli%20Map.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1851" data-original-width="1430" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWmQfvrSH8m5Q-wG5gHxLl0sLn1WADDYCWKFIhC1GS3avlduGofEwn1y3zo020XKK7VeRXsYxL5mbMlEZebT9H2ZhIIa0dTYr6SG3nVNH7qqxydsFJ3tDT07cXBjPUgJKrzDiAEInLqIG8VehdKAsqouQufk7XwFYWkO2S6O4hSR_aUym_5Po0ZkEwuBQ/w494-h640/Voegeli%20Map.jpg" width="494" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Map of the site (Source: Nichole Voegeli)<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p></p><p><!--[if !mso]>
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</p><h1 style="margin-top: 0in;"><span color="windowtext" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">By: Nichole Voegeli</span></h1>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">In
2123, there was a wide-scale battle between AI and humans in the region of the
world now known as Midwestia of New Europe. We do not know who “AI” was;
however, they must have been powerful because they won the war, forcing the
remaining humans to go underground for about a thousand years. Over the last
thousand years, humans have re-acclimated to the outer world. During this
re-acclimation period, our ancestors gathered some information about the world
before the AI war, and they determined that the area that my team of
archaeologists is examining was once known as the City of Jefferson in the
Missouri region of the United States. My name is Nichole Voegeli, and I am an
archaeologist tasked with creating a report detailing the site, artifacts, and
interpretations of our findings. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">The site we are examining is rectangular with ten-foot
walls coated in a beige substance and devoid of artifacts. I have attached a
map with dimensions for reference. In the center of the room is a two-foot
high, medium-sized round table with a diameter of about four feet. On the
western side of the table, there is a large object, approximately six feet long
and three feet wide, shaped like an elongated chair covered with dirty fabric
that may have been white at one time. This long chair faces the eastern wall,
and there is a set of two matching chairs on the eastern side of the table
facing the western wall. The two chairs look similar to the long chair but are
only two and a half feet by three feet in size. The site features an eight-foot
by 15-foot structure located on the southern wall, made out of gray bricks with
a hollow core that starts two feet from the floor and runs upwards through the
center of the structure. The bottom two feet of this structure jut out into the
room by two feet. The rest of the brick feature sticks out from the wall by six
inches. At the top of the two-by-two-foot jut, there is a three-foot by
two-foot by two-foot opening that gives access to the bottom of the hollow
core. The floor of this hallow opening is covered in ashes, and the brick walls
are lined with black dust-like material. The ashes and the black dust suggest
that the brick feature was used to contain a fire, but we are not sure what the
purpose of the fire was. It could be for warmth, food, or other purposes that
we know nothing of. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>We recovered three artifacts from
the site. The first artifact was found on the table in the center of the site,
facing the brick structure. It is a one-foot-tall object made of stone and
other materials with a green cone-shaped head. Its body is round and orange in
color, but the bottom of the body is flat and white. The front of the body is
covered with a white, triangular, hair-like fabric that tapers to a point at
the bottom of the object. There is a small, round beige ball attached to the
front of the object, between the upper white fabric and the green cone. On
either side of the white fabric, there are red and beige arm-like appendages
sticking out of the object, just below the green cone. Since this object
appears to be humanoid, I hypothesize that the white hairy fabric represents a
beard, the beige ball is its nose, and the appendages are its arms. This object
is missing eyes, a mouth, and feet. Attached to the lower portion of the green
cone, just to the right of the nose, is a set of yellow-orange leaves with
three small red balls clustered in the center of the leaves. The location where
we found this artifact suggests its importance and its humanoid shape leads us
to believe that it represents a god. The orange, yellow, and red colors found
on the artifact are reminiscent of fire, which may mean that the god it
represented was a fire god. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The second artifact is two feet
wide, three feet long, and about two feet tall made out of seven black
half-inch diameter metal bars. Five parallel bars spaced eight inches apart sit
on top of and perpendicular to two parallel bars spaced seven inches apart. The
ends of each bar are curved away from where the seven bars connect. This
artifact was found on the floor of the hollow core of the brick structure. It
is covered in black dust and ashes. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">We found the third artifact next to the opening of the hollow core. This
artifact is a black half-inch diameter metal rod three feet in length. At one
end there is a seven-inch-long yellow metal piece that has smooth ridges and
terminates with a ball-shaped tip. This yellow piece fits the grip of my hand
nicely, which leads me to think it was made to hold the rod. The opposite end
of the rod tapers to a point and at about six inches from the bottom of the
point, the rod splits creating a three-inch hook that curves up towards the
yellow attachment. The points of the rod have traces of the same black dust and
ash that is in the hollow core and on the second artifact. Since the second and
third artifacts have traces of ash and black dust and were found near the brick
feature, we suspect that these items were used as tools for burning items. We
sent samples of the ash and black dust to the lab for testing. Once we get the
results back, we may be able to better determine what items were burned. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Since the second and third artifacts
were covered in the same ash material that was found in the brick structure,
they may have been used as tools for burning various items. The central
location of the humanoid object and the colors found on it are similar to that
of fire, suggesting that it was used as a physical representation of a fire
deity. The location of the seating, being on either side of the brick feature
and the table, hints towards the idea that the room was used as a place to hold
small gatherings. The combination of our findings suggests that the space was
used for ritual purposes, where the individuals would gather around the table
with the humanoid object facing the brick structure while they used the metal
items as tools to aid in the burning of various items that could potentially
have been used as offerings to their deity. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>While working on this site we had a
couple of challenges with gathering artifacts and finding useful clues to
provide insight to the past that we were looking at. One challenge is that the
site did have signs that there were other furnishings and artifacts in the
room, however, they were no longer there. We suspect these items either
degraded over time, were not uncovered yet, or were stolen (Sqouros). The other
challenge was interpreting the clues we had without involving our current
cultural norms. When I was taking classes to be an archaeologist, I remember
reading about an example of this particular challenge, I read, “Culturally
today, most people drink from a cup. Therefore, if an artifact that looks like
a cup is discovered, it is not unreasonable to propose that the people who used
it used it as a cup as we do; however, this reasoning is flawed. Twenty-first
century Western culture has developed the use of tools in a very different way
to ancient societies.” (“Archaeological Interpretation”).</span></p>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br clear="all" style="break-before: page; mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> </span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">Works Cited</span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 28.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 28.35pt; text-indent: -28.35pt;">“Archaeological Interpretation.”<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><i>Archaeology Expert</i>, 28 Apr.
2022, www.archaeologyexpert.co.uk/archaeologicalinterpretation.html#.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 28.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 28.35pt; text-indent: -28.35pt;">Sgouros, Rebecca. “How Archaeologists Study the Past.”<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><i>Natick Historical Society</i>,
www.natickhistoricalsociety.org/how-archaeologists-study. Accessed 15 Nov.
2023.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></p>
<span class="apple-converted-space"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br clear="all" style="break-before: page; mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span></span>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"> </span></span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 28.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 28.35pt; text-indent: -28.35pt;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><br /></span></p>
<p> </p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6455072248513237205.post-47722899422221899082023-12-23T01:30:00.018-06:002023-12-23T01:30:00.135-06:00Something Old, Something Borrowed, Something New: Joulupukki, the Finnish Santa Clause<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<p class="MsoNormal"> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVKuaht0Ypeb6Gfk42ibQjU6HoZgsWnUqKK-2qp2qrxeiE2LYpO7vz1CL_9VsTbZfZOVdUccQHcbgUddhyphenhyphenHWLCACWb7K7IzZgbp7z24rS1cMcwmLsQtzT22xBJyDCp6uktiXSTbmXuHqxVPEGK1kskEEwYOFxCSOnBJFJqoBoVCzp7NPwgAEGe1Solf8I/s976/Joulupukki.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="549" data-original-width="976" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVKuaht0Ypeb6Gfk42ibQjU6HoZgsWnUqKK-2qp2qrxeiE2LYpO7vz1CL_9VsTbZfZOVdUccQHcbgUddhyphenhyphenHWLCACWb7K7IzZgbp7z24rS1cMcwmLsQtzT22xBJyDCp6uktiXSTbmXuHqxVPEGK1kskEEwYOFxCSOnBJFJqoBoVCzp7NPwgAEGe1Solf8I/s320/Joulupukki.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Figure 1: A man dressed as the Finnish version of Santa Clause, the Joulupukki (Source: BBC)<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">If you peruse the blog you may happen upon a post about St.
Nicholas, which details the German traditions and celebrations associated with
this holiday.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Many readers have associated
this individual with the modern conceptions of Santa Clause, but this is just
one of the many traditions and customs that has contributed to our modern
understanding of Santa Clause, which is derived from various European cultures.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This cultural sharing has not been one way,
though.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>These modern conceptions of
American/Western Santa Clause have also influenced European cultural
traditions, including leading to the creation of a new tradition: Joulupukki
(Figure 1).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Today’s blog post will
discuss what the Joulupukki is, how it came to be, and how its creation has influenced
and changed Finnish culture.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Joulupukki is Finnish, and it literally translate to “Yule
Goat”.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Joulupukki represents a modern
Finnish version of Santa Clause in that it is a man who dresses in flowing red
robes, rides a sleigh driven by reindeer.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>He exists in a remote area of Finland known as Korvatunturi, which
translates into “Ear Fell”. This is a region of Finland where only Joulupukki
can hear everything, thereby knowing which children have been naughty and which
have been nice.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>At Christmas time he
goes door to door ringing his loud bell, asking to be invited into the home to
provide gifts to those children who made the nice list.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The belief in Joulupukki is so strong that Finns claim that
they were the ones who invented the modern Santa Clause.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This idea does have some credence since the popular
icon of Santa Clause was created by Finnish American artist Haddon Sundblom in
the 1930s.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Unfortunately for Finns Santa
Clause actual predates the conception of the Joulupukki, and the Joulupukki was
actually the Finns answer to conflicting cultural traditions and beliefs.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The Joulupukki was created out of a need to rectify and rationalize
competing pagan and Christian beliefs.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Prior to the adoption and conversion to Christianity Finns, along with
many across Europe, celebrated Yule or various other Midwinter rituals and
celebrations.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>For Finns a goat predominated
the season.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It is unclear why it was a
goat, but it is believed to be tied to the pagan god Thor, who rode a chariot
driven by goats.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Goats remain an
important icon of the holiday season as large wicker goats act as holiday décor.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This may also be how and why Joulupukki,
which means “Yule Goat,” got its name.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> <br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglSAbROiMFMgp9-19YYWQhKqLNA7QKm1BfIrNY5reMsjepOcRo0UP31c9LuhZQT45YcjI7bvd-cuP2DqLXok5FxgR6ZYq7YOQfWn85VKqOuDd_gvO-TkN4wR_6GlenQ8csTaqM3jOZ17U0rqSUjP2HHE97V8brtexZaiDpL6NKuNwhCZipcNfCTm4rfqc/s800/nuuttipukki-iso.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="800" data-original-width="525" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglSAbROiMFMgp9-19YYWQhKqLNA7QKm1BfIrNY5reMsjepOcRo0UP31c9LuhZQT45YcjI7bvd-cuP2DqLXok5FxgR6ZYq7YOQfWn85VKqOuDd_gvO-TkN4wR_6GlenQ8csTaqM3jOZ17U0rqSUjP2HHE97V8brtexZaiDpL6NKuNwhCZipcNfCTm4rfqc/s320/nuuttipukki-iso.jpg" width="210" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Figure 2: Man dressed as the nuuttipukki (Source: Harris 1)<br /></td></tr></tbody></table></p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The specific pagan holiday that is most closely associated
with being the origination point for the Joulupukki was celebrated on January
13, and it still is as part of St. Knut’s Day.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Traditionally, young men would don goat like costumes wherein they would
wear furs, leather, deer antlers, and straw/hay, thereby taking on the role of nuuttipukki
(Figure 2).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They would then go door to
door demanding left over food and drink from the previous mid-winter or Yule
celebrations.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Those patrons who would
not given in to these demands risked having all sorts of misfortunes happening
to them, including but not limited to disgruntled animals, harassment of the
household, and/or loss of crops or food.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>This misfortune is actually believed to be tied to the mischievous nature
of the roaming bands of young men playing the role of nuuttipukki.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They would demand alcoholic beverages above
all else, and as the night went on they would get drunker, and if their demands
for food and drink were not met the likelihood of them acting out
increased.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>More often than not households
would hand over any available food and drink to avoid the havoc the nuuttipukki
would cause otherwise.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Today the nuuttipukki tradition continues to be celebrated
on St. Knut’s Day, albeit in a far altered and tamer way.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Young children now don less scary nuuttipukki
costumes and they go door to door asking for sweet treats.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The holiday is far more similar to Halloween
than what it originally represented, but it continues to be celebrated as a
means of closing out the holiday season and paying homage to Finnish pagan
roots, which continue to influence their culture traditions and beliefs.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<h1>Works Cited</h1>
<p class="MsoBibliography" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">Harris, Kathleen. "How Joulupukki, the Finnish
Santa, went from naughty to nice." 22 December 2015. <i>Ink Tank.</i>
Electronic. 14 November 2023.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBibliography" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">No Author. "St Knut’s Day in Finland: the
Nuuttipukki." 20 January 2023. <i>All Things Nordic.</i> Electronic. 14
November 2023.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBibliography" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">Sirén, Ilkka. "Does Santa Claus come from
Finland?" <i>BBC</i> 23 December 2017. Electronic.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6455072248513237205.post-75410708213250544582023-12-16T01:00:00.003-06:002023-12-16T01:00:00.364-06:00Spotlight on Students: Primate Conservation<p><span><span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"><span><span style="font-family: inherit;"><i><span style="font-size: small;">The
following is a guest post featuring the work of a student
enrolled in SA 202: Introduction to Anthropology. This exceptional work highlights the
importance of primate conservation. I hope you find this piece informative and
are inspired to make a positive change in the world that will help this
and other endangered primates.</span></i></span></span></span></span></span> <br /></p><p> </p><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4p3XLS4S1kMoMHAr4iCjggoejd_ExWEz2z_K1skKiyhfrYDbI90lyVVID24DLFVQFZGnY0I6qbrWpDjQ1sAH8l-weMSyb3HiSbvOX7ryODErmW3iTpvIkhUDMFl9J8XskXELxVNqywPr0WR4VilBpTq9P7Gpyh9MGlbDIOET6OJnGF6tPzYA0O_0q5B4/s1000/baby-parent-tamarin.webp" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="665" data-original-width="1000" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4p3XLS4S1kMoMHAr4iCjggoejd_ExWEz2z_K1skKiyhfrYDbI90lyVVID24DLFVQFZGnY0I6qbrWpDjQ1sAH8l-weMSyb3HiSbvOX7ryODErmW3iTpvIkhUDMFl9J8XskXELxVNqywPr0WR4VilBpTq9P7Gpyh9MGlbDIOET6OJnGF6tPzYA0O_0q5B4/s320/baby-parent-tamarin.webp" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Parent golden lion tamarin carrying its baby (Source: Shutterstock)<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br /> <p></p><p><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b>By: Kaitlyn Wilbers</b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b> </b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">Primates play a
critical role in our ecosystem and our environment. While we may not all see or
know it, they are helping humans out tremendously. Due to humans and natural disasters,
many species of primates are going extinct. If humans do not find a way to help
stop the extinction of these primates, it will significantly affect human
lives. Humans use primates way more than many realize, and while not all
primates may seem significant, they all play a specific role in our ecosystem,
such as the golden lion tamarin.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">The golden lion
tamarin is one of the smallest primates; it is about the size of a squirrel. They
have small hands and feet, long canine teeth, and short incisors (“Golden Lion
Tamarin,” Smithsonian’s National Zoo 1). They have long, bright orange fur, a
long tail, and a mane that frames their face much like a lion's. The golden
lion tamarin is native to the Atlantic coastal regions of southeastern Brazil
(“Golden Lion Tamarin,” Zoo Atlanta 5). Their habitats are typically in humid
rainforests in trees. They can live up to 100 feet off the ground. The golden lion
tamarins use vines to move from tree to tree. These vines are also an excellent
food source for the primate because they attract many insects and amphibians.
The golden lion tamarin is an omnivore. They consume fruits, insects,
invertebrates, vertebrates, and some eggs. Due to their ability to go up high
in trees, they can easily collect fruit from the tree and eggs from</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">nests (“Golden
Lion Tamarins,” Smithsonian’s National Zoo 2 ).</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">The human
factors that led to the endangerment of the golden lion tamarin are the pet trade
and habitat loss. Habitat loss plays a vital role in the endangerment of the
golden lion tamarin. This species of primate is losing its habitat due to
agriculture. Their habitats are being destroyed to produce and plant sugar cane
and coffee and to clear the land for grazing cattle. Logging and construction
projects, such as businesses and homes, are additional contributing factors to
habitat loss (“Golden Lion Tamarins,” Smithsonian’s National Zoo 1). These primates
are also taken from their habitats and sold to people as pets (“Golden Lion
Tamarins,” Smithsonian’s National Zoo 1). <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>We can help prevent the extinction of the
golden lion tamarin through. We are also helping the population of this primate
species by having a breeding program in place for these primates to help regrow
the population (“Golden Lion Tamarin,” Smithsonian National Zoo 2). Once the
offspring are born and ready to be weaned, they will be released into the wild
to help regenerate the golden lion tamarin population. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">Protecting the
golden lion tamarin from extinction is essential because they play a vital role
in regenerating new trees, bushes, and vegetation for the rainforest for many
other species of animals (“Conservation of the golden-headed lion tamarin in a
changing climate” 2). They help by dispersing seeds they consume from eating
various types of food, and by defecating throughout the forest, they replant
the seeds that produce food for other species to eat. This also makes habitats
for many different insects and species in the rainforest. It is essential to save
not only the golden lion tamarin from extinction but all primates from
extinction because they help our rainforests. Primates help regenerate our
rainforests because, due to their size and how far they can travel, they can
disperse numerous amounts of seeds throughout different parts of the rainforest
to help regenerate and grow trees, bushes, or other types of vegetation throughout
the forest for not only them but other species as well. If we did not have
primates to disperse these seeds, it would significantly affect the human
population and other species populations in those given ecosystems (Estrada et
al. 12). Primates have also been used for</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">scientific
research to help find cures or further understand many medical conditions
(e.g., respiratory diseases, mental health disorders, communication disorders,
brain function, and more) (Estrada et al. 12).</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">Without the
help of primates, humans would not be where they are today. While we may not
use all primate species in scientific or medical research to help find better
understandings of diseases in humans, they all play an essential role many
people are not aware of. While we do not use this type of primate species in
scientific or medical research, it plays a vital role in our ecosystem, much
like other species of primates. To help regenerate vegetation and maintain other
species. This is why we, as humans, must help stop the endangerment and
extinction of primates.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">Works Cited</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">Conservation of
the golden-headed lion tamarin in a changing climate. (n.d.).</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">https://stories.ecmwf.int/conservation-of-the-golden-headed-lion-tamarin-in-a-changi</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">ng-cli
mate/index.html. Accessed 4 Oct. 2023.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">Estrada, A.,
Garber, P. A., Rylands, A. B., Roos, C., Fernandez-Duque, E., Di Fiore, A.,</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">Nekaris, K.
A.-I., Nijman, V., Heymann, E. W., Lambert, J. E., Rovero, F., Barelli, C.,</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">Setchell, J.
M., Gillespie, T. R., Mittermeier, R. A., Arregoitia, L. V., de Guinea, M.,</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">Gouveia, S.,
Dobrovolski, R., … Li, B. (2017, January 18). Impending extinction crisis</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">of the world’s
primates: Why primates matter. Science advances.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5242557/#:~:text=They%20are%20ou</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">r%2
0closest%20living,driving%20primate%20species%20to%20extinction. Accessed</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">4 Oct. 2023.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">Golden Lion
Tamarin. Smithsonian’s National Zoo. (2020, August 18).</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">https://nationalzoo.si.edu/animals/golden-lion-tamarin#:~:text=They%20have%20narr</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">ow%20hands%20and,(32%20to%2040%20centimeters).
Accessed 4 Oct. 2023.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">Golden Lion
Tamarin. Zoo Atlanta. (2020, April 17).</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">https://zooatlanta.org/animal/golden-lion-tamarin/.
Accessed 4 Oct. 2023.</p>
<p> </p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6455072248513237205.post-60230796240994469332023-12-09T01:00:00.004-06:002023-12-09T01:00:00.131-06:00Spotlight on Students: Primate Conservation<p><span><span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"><span><span style="font-family: inherit;"><i><span style="font-size: small;">The
following is a guest post featuring the work of a student
enrolled in SA 202: Introduction to Anthropology. This exceptional work highlights the
importance of primate conservation. I hope you find this piece informative and
are inspired to make a positive change in the world that will help this
and other endangered primates.</span></i></span></span></span></span></span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTdfz64A4GsVBM7Pd7RYOMIfR_xQ1f2901Z2lINGHSRwinIL_wdlql2PcSoUzyLolm29Z_Uz3FIULanJeG21D3s4kaDz7urHywk4egIV1UhPwZicxEr3wOayC4aB90Nryrv-47FvhRDU5hBGIbBb4E6mXHd7VkSHx1ruci2tCGF11-AR3u_PpB5SeLxqI/s768/Hair%20eared%20dwarf%20lemur.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="507" data-original-width="768" height="211" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTdfz64A4GsVBM7Pd7RYOMIfR_xQ1f2901Z2lINGHSRwinIL_wdlql2PcSoUzyLolm29Z_Uz3FIULanJeG21D3s4kaDz7urHywk4egIV1UhPwZicxEr3wOayC4aB90Nryrv-47FvhRDU5hBGIbBb4E6mXHd7VkSHx1ruci2tCGF11-AR3u_PpB5SeLxqI/s320/Hair%20eared%20dwarf%20lemur.png" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Hairy-eared dwarf lemur (Duke Lemur Institute)<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p></p><p><b>By: Nichole Voegeli</b></p><p><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">According
to an advanced search of the IUCN Red list website, there are 145 primate
species on the Red List of endangered primates. Species on this list have
either a 50% - 70% decrease in their population over ten years (or three
generations, whichever is appropriate), the population size has about 250 (or
fewer) mature individuals, or they have an extinction probability of 20% within
20 years (Dinsmore 668). One primate species on this endangered list is the
Hairy-eared Dwarf Lemur (Allocebus trichotis). They get their name from the
“long tufts of hair that grow on the front of their short ears” (DiCesare).
They have brownish-gray fur on their backs, whitish-gray fur on the front of
their bodies, and reddish-brown tails. Their pink hands and feet have long
fingers that have been adapted to grip onto tree branches. Their big dark eyes
allows them to see well at night. (DiCesare). Their diet consists of nectar,
young leaves, fruit, gums, honey, and insects (DiCesare). They are nocturnal
tree dwellers that are active at night and sleep during the day. From May to
September, they enter a pseudo-hibernation state by transitioning into torpor,
which is a sleep-like state that decreases their body temperature and metabolic
rate, to help them store energy when food is scarce (DiCesare). These lemurs
were considered extinct for more than twenty years before 1989. In 1989, they
were removed from the extinction list when they were found near the Mananara
River in Northeast Madagascar (DiCesare). Today, they can only be found in
Madagascar’s National Parks and Special Reserves that contain lowland forests
(DiCesare). The following essay will cover the factors causing endangerment,
how we can prevent extinction, and why preventative measures are necessary for
the Hairy-eared Dwarf Lemurs and all primates. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">Human
activity is the primary factor causing the population of the Hairy-eared Dwarf
Lemurs to decline at an alarming rate. Since the lemurs live only in
Madagascar’s lowland rainforests, their habitat is extremely limited. The
growing human population has led to activities such as deforestation, logging,
and slash-and-burn agriculture, reducing the lemur’s habitat even further
(DiCesare). Another human activity that is causing the lemur population to
decline is eating. These lemurs are trapped and hunted by the local communities
of northeastern Madagascar (DiCesare; Drury). Deforestation, logging,
agriculture, and hunting show that the reduction of the lemur population is
primarily due to human activity.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">The
Hairy-eared Dwarf Lemurs have two major ecological roles that make it necessary
to find ways to prevent their extinction. The first role that they play is a
pollinator. Since they feed on nectar and honey, they aid in the pollination of
the plant life of Madagascar (DiCesare). Another role they play is that of
prey. Humans are not the only predators of these lemurs; owls and Malagasy
carnivores also eat the lemurs (DiCesare). To prevent the extinction of the
lemurs, the main issues to address are deforestation and logging. Currently,
the Malagasy government is taking steps to protect the remaining portions of
lowland forests in the northeastern part of the island (DiCesare). With the
Malagasy government protecting the remaining lowland forests, which are the
lemurs' natural habitat, they are helping to prevent the extinction of the
lemurs by allowing them to continue their ecological roles as pollinators and
prey. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">It
is important to protect all primates from extinction because they play many
roles in the ecosystem of the world (Estrada). Primates act as both predator
and prey in their respective environments, as well as plant life distributors as
they promote forest regeneration by dispersing seeds over long distances
(Estrada). The seeds that they disperse are important because they help to
prevent plant life from going extinct and some of the plants that grow from
these seeds are used by humans for food and/ or tools (Estrada). There are
groups of people in the rural area of S. Nigeria that rely on the fruits and
seeds that are dropped by the local primates (Estrada).</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">If
primates go extinct, many other animals, insects, and plants would be affected
and could quickly go extinct as well. The more species that go extinct, the
more likely humans will become endangered. Therefore, it is important to
protect all primates, including the Hairy-eared Dwarf Lemurs.</span></p><p> </p><p> </p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">Works Cited</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">DiCesare, Maria. “Hairy-Eared Dwarf
Lemur.” <i>New England Primate Conservancy</i>, New England Primate
Conservancy, Sept. 2022, </span><a href="https://neprimateconservancy.org/hairy-eared-dwarf-lemur/"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">https://neprimateconservancy.org/hairy-eared-dwarf-lemur/</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">. Accessed 04 Oct. 2023.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Drury,
C. “Allocebus trichotis hairy-eared dwarf lemur.” <i>Animal Diversity Web</i>,
University of Michigan, 2002, </span><a href="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Allocebus_trichotis/"><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Allocebus_trichotis/</span></a><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">.
Accessed 04 Oct. 2023.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">Estrada, Alejandro, et al.
"Impending Extinction Crisis of the World’s Primates: Why Primates
Matter." <i>Science Advances</i>, Vol. 3, Issue 1, 2017, </span><a href="https://doi.org/1600946.%20Accessed%2004%20Oct.%202023"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">https://doi.org/1600946. Accessed
04 Oct. 2023</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">Louis, E.E., et al. “Hairy-eared
Dwarf Lemur: Allocebus trichotis.” <i>The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species,</i>
Andriaholinirina, N., et al. Ver 3.1, IUCN, 2020, </span><a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T868A115559302.en"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/</span></a><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T868A115559302.en.</span></span><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #080100; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;"> Accessed 04 Oct. 2023.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> </span></p>
<p><b> </b></p><p><b> </b><br /></p><p> </p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6455072248513237205.post-84971889431628022932023-12-02T01:00:00.001-06:002023-12-02T01:00:00.146-06:00Gift Giving Guide 20: Ideas for Presents for Your Favorite Anthropologist(s) <p>Biannually I dedicate blog posts to the presentation of gifts that may
be suitable for anthropologists or individuals interested in
anthropology (any and all subfields). As we are nearing the end of the
traditional semester and quickly approaching graduation season it seems
appropriate to dedicate a post to this very topic. Below are some of
the latest additions to the list of gift ideas that may be appropriate
for your anthropologically interested person.</p><p> </p><p><b><u>Archaeology Gift Idea</u></b></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFmXAjp9suFRa9Q4QPxyp1gAsSp9jfggZmTRKsm3vu6wf_qGZqznNSiS-UDkyjknjd2qYCRzoiGWXKV3cBVVRWl-5af6iyzcxjOzuealR5PB1_vjnjQyXQ2eDK6x5XvG140kJqCWfNkYeCDlBlaCFkkEFNp5uKcho9ayCw8tMz4ms-0zKgKcrCVwXOt0s/s1588/Arch%20candle.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1588" data-original-width="1588" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFmXAjp9suFRa9Q4QPxyp1gAsSp9jfggZmTRKsm3vu6wf_qGZqznNSiS-UDkyjknjd2qYCRzoiGWXKV3cBVVRWl-5af6iyzcxjOzuealR5PB1_vjnjQyXQ2eDK6x5XvG140kJqCWfNkYeCDlBlaCFkkEFNp5uKcho9ayCw8tMz4ms-0zKgKcrCVwXOt0s/s320/Arch%20candle.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Customizable archaeology themed candle available through 22ndofOctober<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><p>Archaeologists spend a lot of time outdoors throughout the year, but they spend most of their time indoors during the cold winter months. This allows them to analyze artifacts, conduct research, and write reports. A candle may not be necessary to complete these types of work, but it can be a comfort. This candle is customizable with scent, allowing you to pick from vanilla, sea breeze, or comfort spice options. You can purchase this item from <a href="https://www.etsy.com/shop/22ndOfOctober?ref=shop-header-name&listing_id=1246573252" target="_blank">22ndofOctober</a>.</p><p><br /></p><p><b><u>Biological Anthropology Gift Idea</u></b></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKJE_iy7-HDzbZS_epVVqFFv6nwJ5oeylvhZnQFKkfIQXNw-An7DIzqqxd3w1OocMJoFFtycs_xyLvtWNXk5V-dpI9CGBc9mtFUry_x53ytYVMl-XEtsWTDJyKsFjnvGasBKnfB-iHgFFgKSIT2gb7FcNfGexhDLlCjDKyJwIOH-FotwpEKQYVxmjj3aQ/s1588/Paleo%20Bookmarks.webp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1588" data-original-width="1588" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKJE_iy7-HDzbZS_epVVqFFv6nwJ5oeylvhZnQFKkfIQXNw-An7DIzqqxd3w1OocMJoFFtycs_xyLvtWNXk5V-dpI9CGBc9mtFUry_x53ytYVMl-XEtsWTDJyKsFjnvGasBKnfB-iHgFFgKSIT2gb7FcNfGexhDLlCjDKyJwIOH-FotwpEKQYVxmjj3aQ/s320/Paleo%20Bookmarks.webp" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Hominid bookmarks available through Paleorex<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p>Winter time is also the time for research and data analysis for various biological anthropologists, who often conduct their fieldwork in the spring, summer, and possibly fall. A lot of background research is required for their work, meaning they may require something to help keep their place and organized through this process. These paleoanthropological bookmarks may be the perfect gift idea, particularly as they also contain important information pertaining to important hominid species: Australopithecines and Homo erectus. You can snag these from <a href="https://www.etsy.com/shop/paleorex?ref=shop-header-name&listing_id=1114411110&page=1#items">Paleorex</a>. <br /></p><p> </p><p><b><u>Cultural Anthropology Gift Idea</u></b></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvFJzdiRHVIWSMy_RfdMBMgIu6vHYoDkLMYa8f4xBbT47sl2vA58_42fRuKWykgfsNySjBg6J3JpU0R13j3IolvrctCcEmtzk_sVJb4ljm3nGSgODic9kzMS78KdzDU_pyF34Pud-fSmd1XYhPFbY6-U0fqBOS-WbaqhH2ANW_mvK7Q2tvzHE4ATgqRJE/s1588/Anthro%20pin.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1191" data-original-width="1588" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvFJzdiRHVIWSMy_RfdMBMgIu6vHYoDkLMYa8f4xBbT47sl2vA58_42fRuKWykgfsNySjBg6J3JpU0R13j3IolvrctCcEmtzk_sVJb4ljm3nGSgODic9kzMS78KdzDU_pyF34Pud-fSmd1XYhPFbY6-U0fqBOS-WbaqhH2ANW_mvK7Q2tvzHE4ATgqRJE/s320/Anthro%20pin.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">An anthropology themed pin available through RedWolfLTD<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><p>Cultural anthropologists are expects in people watching, and each cultural anthropologists has their own way of capturing the information they observe. This can make picking a gift a little tricky, but this pin from <a href="https://www.etsy.com/shop/RedwolfLtd?ref=shop-header-name&listing_id=125097581">RedWolfLTD</a> may be perfect. It is cheeky but accurate, and it can be worn on clothing, a bag, hat, or other item.</p><p><br /></p><p><b><u>Linguistic Anthropology Gift Idea</u></b></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBukN8pR2eoZA4sgPyDas0ZBox1CxpwofSuFPmZdJgyDCGy0Yn5-_5pHNjdSEZtXptNVzYe6ADNBLz7XTEgn6tayBoIlflxOSUjzDrnNOULs_IW9vFNat_DwBnsVwPas72sBeCI18l2cJx9bKufAM1I05zfvXxnoui9GWg91QnUuDwFN1y_mecVcALZPE/s1588/Phenetic%20Alphabet.webp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1191" data-original-width="1588" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBukN8pR2eoZA4sgPyDas0ZBox1CxpwofSuFPmZdJgyDCGy0Yn5-_5pHNjdSEZtXptNVzYe6ADNBLz7XTEgn6tayBoIlflxOSUjzDrnNOULs_IW9vFNat_DwBnsVwPas72sBeCI18l2cJx9bKufAM1I05zfvXxnoui9GWg91QnUuDwFN1y_mecVcALZPE/s320/Phenetic%20Alphabet.webp" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Phonetic alphabet chart for pronunciation by Mindhue <br /></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><p>Sounds are a key aspect of language. There are different sounds that exist in every language, and learning how to pronounce those sounds and putting them together allows one to learn to speak a language. This also gives individuals other insights into language, which are topics of interest for linguistic anthropologists. This Phonetic Alphabet Chart for American English pronunciation may be a handy dandy guide or a perfect statement piece for the linguistic anthropologist you know. It is available through <a href="https://www.etsy.com/shop/mindhue?ref=shop-header-name&listing_id=547629153">Mindhue</a>.<br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p> </p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6455072248513237205.post-35134701206616673502023-11-25T01:00:00.028-06:002023-11-25T01:00:00.141-06:00Spotlight on Students: Origins and Meanings of American Idioms<p><i>This post highlights the work required of my SA 202:
Introduction to Anthropology students. Students were given the opportunity to
research and identify the origins and meanings of time of a specific American phrase
that they selected. Several students were given the opportunity to have their
exemplary work featured on the blog, and the students who provided permission
have their work featured here in this and the following blog posts. Please show
your appreciation for their work through the comments.</i><b> <br /></b></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPTj4QvK_qg8NEuU74Y_gtr2H9sUC9ZGYEV-mBT5O2XHsmIhyWuap6LtRYiEtsalodyc8sRXNC0bPAoNlKoKwpIRnPAHWcp0vABB0zZXUv2fZYCto39Z8IfaR7OxEYllLuQ_kz-FY5vihCRyxeSCMogHj1EgyLn_GWRDBqTVbHJT1RdJetKuJj42vO9ao/s552/Ball%20and%20Chain.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="552" data-original-width="511" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPTj4QvK_qg8NEuU74Y_gtr2H9sUC9ZGYEV-mBT5O2XHsmIhyWuap6LtRYiEtsalodyc8sRXNC0bPAoNlKoKwpIRnPAHWcp0vABB0zZXUv2fZYCto39Z8IfaR7OxEYllLuQ_kz-FY5vihCRyxeSCMogHj1EgyLn_GWRDBqTVbHJT1RdJetKuJj42vO9ao/s320/Ball%20and%20Chain.png" width="296" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Representation of the meaning of "ball and chain".<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><b> </b><b>By: Callianne Nilges</b>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p>The phrase “ball and chain” is something that I have heard used commonly in
conversation. When I have heard it, it is generally used in a very demeaning
way. I have generally heard this phrase used by men. My goal in picking this
phrase was to learn how the phrase changed from its original meaning to the one
that is known today. I assume that the original meaning of “ball and chain” is
what I learned in history. That it was a heavy iron ball that was attached to a
chain and shackled to a prisoner as a punishment. According to dictonary.com,
the phrase does originally mean “a heavy metal ball secured by a chain to the
leg of a prisoner to prevent escape” (“Ball and chain Definition &
Meaning”). This is very different from the modern day meaning. Currently, the
term is slang for “wife” (“The saying 'Ball and chain' - meaning and origin.”).
Some of the earliest examples of the change in meaning of the phrase comes from
a fiction book called <i>Cutie, A Warm Mamma </i>by Ben Hecht and Maxwell
Bodenheim. This story is a satire of the censors and candor of society in the
1920s. The main character Herman Pupik hires an assistant named Cutie whom he
is having an affair with. After disappearing for days, he introduces her to his
wife. Cutie says, “so this is the way you have been deceiving me! Getting me to
repent and repent and all the time with a ball and chain waiting for you at
home.” (Hecht and Bodenheim 70). This gives insight on why wives are referred
to as a “ball and chain”. Wives are viewed as something that is holding a man
back from living a good, free, and fun life. I think this says a lot about our society
and the way we view women and relationships. </p>
<p> </p>
<p>Works Cited</p>
<p>“Ball and chain Definition & Meaning.” <i>Dictionary.com</i>,
https://www.dictionary.com/browse/ball%20and%20chain. Accessed 27 September
2023.</p>
<p>Hecht, Ben, and Maxwell Bodenheim. “Cutie, A Warm Mamma.” United States:
Boar's Head Books, 2 October 1924,
https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/67680/pg67680-images.html. Accessed 27
September 2023.</p>
<p>“The saying 'Ball and chain' - meaning and origin.” <i>The Phrase Finder</i>,
<a href="https://phrases.org.uk/meanings/54950.html.%20Accessed%2027%20September%202023">https://phrases.org.uk/meanings/54950.html.
Accessed 27 September 2023</a>.</p>
<p> </p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDZxKZ0lkJsRzOaLG6JUgkLM5SGfjAnlyAKbWO3I39fHASdoUBqTYDZn7-e9kGbuUdsp3ReINXbXq13Og1yzRhaa626EJvMqe7sOp82RRoZoC3IEHOINNtwJa-3ViGYDQVxXiIsQpPU3wo5iI-28zRPiLUtayzp_2ob9PAAnn0FnctZRCxQ0NRaMXat88/s1200/Gung%20Ho.webp" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1091" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDZxKZ0lkJsRzOaLG6JUgkLM5SGfjAnlyAKbWO3I39fHASdoUBqTYDZn7-e9kGbuUdsp3ReINXbXq13Og1yzRhaa626EJvMqe7sOp82RRoZoC3IEHOINNtwJa-3ViGYDQVxXiIsQpPU3wo5iI-28zRPiLUtayzp_2ob9PAAnn0FnctZRCxQ0NRaMXat88/s320/Gung%20Ho.webp" width="291" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Representation of the meaning of "Gung ho"<br /></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p><b>By: Molly Suthoff</b></p>
<p><b> </b></p>
<p>“Wholeheartedly enthusiastic and loyal,” gung-ho is a term that may go over
one person’s head and resonate beautifully with another (“Gung-ho Definition”).
I specifically chose this term because I have seen it used numerous times and
always wondered how it made its way into everyday usage in English. Before
thoroughly researching the word, I knew that it had some relation to being
happy and expressing that happiness through being ecstatic or eager. I also
thought that it was a positively connotated word; I have since learned that it
is not necessarily always positively connotated. With origins in Chinese, the
term gung-ho when properly translated actually means “industrial cooperative”
(Kung). In a brief summary, it came into the English lexicon thanks almost
entirely to one man, U.S. Marine Evans Fordyce Carlson. Stationed to observe
Chinese soldiers, Carlson watched them work together in a way they called
gung-ho. Their way of working together was united by one idea. According to
NPR, after watching the soldiers Carlson supposedly associated the word gung-ho
with teamwork, and he is later quoted as saying that it meant to work in
harmony (Kung). I think this a good time to mention that throughout the article
from NPR, it is continually pointed out that gung-ho does NOT mean to work in
harmony. I would also like to note that there were at least two other sources I
viewed that had opening lines stating that gung-ho would very roughly translate
to “work harmony.” This is not true. Once Carlson began to lead his own battalion,
he had begun to use his motto of gung-ho, and his battalion began to call
themselves the “Gung-ho Battalion.” As the word became popularized outside of
the battalion thanks to the movie <i>Gung Ho!</i> people started to associate
it with being overly enthusiastic and eager (A&E Television Networks). Its
meaning today is still similar to the later meaning it took on, extreme
enthusiasm. Anyone who is gung-ho is very eager to do something. When using
this term today to describe a marine, it is positively connotated. When
describing someone chasing an idea or dream, you can presume there is a bit of
a negative connotation to the word.</p>
<p>Works Cited</p>
<p>A&E Television Networks. “Watch Origins of 'Gung Ho!' Clip | HISTORY
Channel.” <i>The HISTORY Channel</i>, https://www.history.com/videos/origins-of-gung-ho.</p>
<p>“Gung-ho Definition & Meaning.” <i>Dictionary.com</i>,
https://www.dictionary.com/browse/gung-ho. Accessed 26 September 2023.</p>
<p>Kung, Jess. “What Does The Word Gung-Ho Really Mean? : Code Switch.” <i>NPR</i>,
18 October 2019, https://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2019/10/18/406693323/the-long-strange-journey-of-gung-ho.
Accessed 26 September 2023.</p>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7WJiQxsgwEJEZSTdM-1t5eoEw2-mPgst3F0Aw8z4C9E3Zc73gobOpTn4qC_ebSJjY2C4a2PNe8HjVE6RbsQ9AryEk1p4Q6iHzIVWAHlMflFypKHiZdRL24yNiQRkoPBldC1GRq6N3B-9t9yB-rp53p2qjgrSxGzwsHs5UW9keV0n3krvsFBUsmDTJbt0/s929/Caught%20red%20handed.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="929" data-original-width="685" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7WJiQxsgwEJEZSTdM-1t5eoEw2-mPgst3F0Aw8z4C9E3Zc73gobOpTn4qC_ebSJjY2C4a2PNe8HjVE6RbsQ9AryEk1p4Q6iHzIVWAHlMflFypKHiZdRL24yNiQRkoPBldC1GRq6N3B-9t9yB-rp53p2qjgrSxGzwsHs5UW9keV0n3krvsFBUsmDTJbt0/s320/Caught%20red%20handed.jpg" width="236" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Representation of "caught red handed"<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><p><b>By: Cooper Feeler</b></p><p><b> </b></p><div class="message user_content enhanced"><p>The phrase I choose is "caught red handed". I picked this phrase because I hear it a lot, but I
never knew the meaning or where it came from which piqued my interest
making me want to learn more. Before doing any research on the phrase I
think it means to be caught in the act of doing something bad and my
guess is that the phrase came from catching someone in the act of murder
with their hands covered in blood. The phrase caught red handed
originally came from the northern Irish province of Ulster. This phrase
was based off a myth in which there was a competition to become the
ruler of the province. The competition was a boat race where the first
to touch the other shore would win so one of the competitors chopped off
their hand and threw it to the other shore winning the competition.
This phrase originally had to do with any act in which you were harming
someone or something else like murder or poaching for example. Today the
phrase has a slightly different meaning according to the Cambridge
dictionary " it is to discover someone in the act of doing something bad
or illegal". I think that as the world got more peaceful the phrase
changed from describing incredibly violent acts to more everyday acts
like getting caught stealing or doing something bad. I think the change
of this phrase shows that are culture has moved away from incredibly
violent acts into a much more tranquil culture.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Martin, Gary. “‘caught Red-Handed’ - the Meaning and Origin of This Phrase.” <i>Phrasefinder</i>, phrases.org.uk/meanings/caught-red-handed.html. Accessed 27 Sept. 2023.</p>
<p>“Catch Someone Red-Handed.” <i>Cambridge Dictionary</i>, dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/catch-red-handed. Accessed 27 Sept. 2023.</p></div><p><b> </b></p><p><b></b><b><br /></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6455072248513237205.post-57603415160139389332023-11-18T01:30:00.018-06:002023-11-18T01:30:00.141-06:00Spotlight on Students: A Discussion on Cultural Appropriation (Part 2)<p> <i>This post highlights the work required of my SA 202: Introduction to
Anthropology students. Students were given the opportunity to research and identify an example of <a href="https://humerusrevelations.blogspot.com/2015/09/cultural-appreciation-vs-cultural.html">cultural appropriation</a> and explain how the cultural elements could be appreciated instead. Several students were given the opportunity to have their
exemplary work featured on the blog, and the students who provided
permission have their work featured here in this and the following blog
posts. Please show your appreciation for their work through the
comments.</i></p><p><i> </i></p><p><i></i></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhd_BDmxtNh9M208wXaULhir9QfBwCkIbniSw_us-tM7wEtP5sXNFkn5Mu_jvahrHSeLDqeRuv5vGymxY6yGAhI3z-M0OU3upLJA4IApDdV6DB4U8IkhtMvS7tZyvTCl0euxoyp4aP7hdMZavJd3VNSbVBZk7WX1j7On23O3lzgiJ4GQ5u6S4A6gCZptHw/s293/Bahn%20Mi.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="172" data-original-width="293" height="172" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhd_BDmxtNh9M208wXaULhir9QfBwCkIbniSw_us-tM7wEtP5sXNFkn5Mu_jvahrHSeLDqeRuv5vGymxY6yGAhI3z-M0OU3upLJA4IApDdV6DB4U8IkhtMvS7tZyvTCl0euxoyp4aP7hdMZavJd3VNSbVBZk7WX1j7On23O3lzgiJ4GQ5u6S4A6gCZptHw/s1600/Bahn%20Mi.jpg" width="293" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Banh Mi sandwich, a Vietnamese dish<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><i> </i><p></p><p><b>By: Annabelle Bonnot</b><i> <br /></i></p><p><span>After doing some research on cultural appropriation I found an article on the appropriation of food. </span><span>The Cornell Daily Sun </span><span>published
an article written by Meridien Mach who talks about her experience with
food appropriation. Food appropriation is when a culture’s food is
made and sold by someone or a business who has no ties to that culture
or is not from that culture. In the article she mentions that her dad
bought her </span><span>bánh mì for her first day of first grade. Bánh
mì is a Vietnamese baguette sandwich with different meats and pickled
vegetables, along with condiments. Other classmates around her showed
disgust for her food and at that moment she decided to stop bringing
lunches and buy the ones from school. Other non Vietnamese restaurants
had begun selling bánh mì but modifying it to fit american’s tastes
better, like swapping out the meats for more “american” meats. This is
an example of cultural appropriation because when someone changes
cultural foods they are disrespecting the culture. When restaurants make
and sell cultural foods and make a profit off of it they are
disrespecting the culture and those who come from that culture. Chinese
food is the biggest victim of food appropriation because most Chinese
restaurants have changed their menus and food items to appeal more
towards the fried foods that Americans prefer. Another example of food
appropriation is Orange Chicken being sold as a Chinese food but it was
invented by an American. A way to avoid cultural appropriation of food
and instead to appreciate it, there are multiple things that you can do,
like following recipes from that culture, and using authentic
ingredients when cooking said food. Another way to appreciate food is
learning about the backstory and history of the food. By doing this you
can gain a true appreciation of the food that you are eating or trying
to cook. In no way should you change any ingredients or assume that you
did better or that what you cooked tasted better.</span><i>
</i></p><p><span> </span></p>
<p><span>Mach, Meridien, and Murali Saravanan. “Food Cultural Appropriation: It’s Personal.” </span><i><span>The Cornell Daily Sun</span></i><span>, 25 Mar. 2021, cornellsun.com/2021/03/25/food-cultural-appropriation-its-personal/. <br /></span></p><p><i> </i></p><p><i></i></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbI_8VrZN8CjXb_fxrThJozfcYzNGwwhenobmhDIcTNkUuQqIFSrT9Ttk1QO6zkn_1PbWd2xJr9LRAROXNO_k04AXJXXUZC9oaImFSUD-8r5mO1uO7J8k2WsVxM3P83NF2ZAO2n-Q4-xttV9l1SM06GWKvWczurX2XNkeDlqs_kz92baHQHLIpXhYlbO0/s1280/maxresdefault.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="1280" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbI_8VrZN8CjXb_fxrThJozfcYzNGwwhenobmhDIcTNkUuQqIFSrT9Ttk1QO6zkn_1PbWd2xJr9LRAROXNO_k04AXJXXUZC9oaImFSUD-8r5mO1uO7J8k2WsVxM3P83NF2ZAO2n-Q4-xttV9l1SM06GWKvWczurX2XNkeDlqs_kz92baHQHLIpXhYlbO0/s320/maxresdefault.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Screenshot from Coldplay's video titled, "Hymn of the Week".<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><i><br /> </i><p></p><p><b>By: Maxwell Black</b></p><div class="message user_content enhanced"><p><span>Cultural
appropriation is “the unilateral decision of one social group to take
control over the symbols, practices, or objects of another” (Welsch et
al. 45). This can be a problem because it is often used to misrepresent
or profit from marginalized social groups. One example is when Beyoncé
dressed in Indian clothes in the music video for “Hymn for the Week” by
Coldplay. In the video, Beyoncé wore a sari, which is a garment worn by
women in India, and had henna painted on her hands. Beyoncé
inappropriately portrays Indian clothes and jewelry as costumes, which
they are not. The music video has multiple problems with how it handles
Indian culture. ‘“Hymn for the Week” stereotypes India by depicting it
as “a lush, exotic land filled with dingy slums inhabited by pious,
levitating holy men and lanky brown-skinned children who are always
throwing colored powders at each other” (Reed. 1). The music video
furthers misunderstandings regarding India by generalizing what life is
like there and portraying it as an exotic and strange place.</span></p>
<p><span>Although Hymn for the Week was successful, it is important to
acknowledge cultural appropriation where it appears. Failure to do so
will result in greater distrust among the cultures being stolen from.
Beyoncé could have handled the situation better if she researched Indian
culture and got permission and advice from Native Indians who might get
offended otherwise. Hymn for the Week could have been culturally
appreciative if it had a better understanding of Indian culture and had
Indians help with the music video. I find it wrong when people profit
from marginalized groups. The first time I ever noticed cultural
appropriation, it seemed minor until I saw the effects myself. Beyoncé
and Coldplay may not have intentionally committed cultural
appropriation, but it should still be acknowledged to prevent further
issues. Outsiders should always credit the original culture, without
presenting it as new when it is not.</span></p>
<p><span>Works Cited</span></p>
<p><span>Reed, Betsy. “Coldplay: only the latest pop stars to
misrepresent India as an exotic playground.” The Guardian, 1 February
2016, 1-2.</span></p>
<p><span>Welsch, Robert L, et al. </span><i><span>Anthropology: Asking Questions About Human Origins, Diversity, and Culture.</span></i><span> Oxford University Press, 2016.</span></p></div><p><b> </b></p><p><b><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYifsh7MG_tEvF-e8lmoZPKAxxI4wKgAY5QwJtQMXjQ1CXv3ksOcy904nRfk-raqoA4tDvhmQQNTpQM4majn1dvDImLcNuauBkUeTbiea6tForKTyjk_Gf914lJe205B94lEWWXgNbH4lj1MVqlufdcJ3buPcMz3hdrUSzcgoAdmR3PSNm9hnxBoatoWc/s492/Grande%20Tattoo.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="394" data-original-width="492" height="256" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYifsh7MG_tEvF-e8lmoZPKAxxI4wKgAY5QwJtQMXjQ1CXv3ksOcy904nRfk-raqoA4tDvhmQQNTpQM4majn1dvDImLcNuauBkUeTbiea6tForKTyjk_Gf914lJe205B94lEWWXgNbH4lj1MVqlufdcJ3buPcMz3hdrUSzcgoAdmR3PSNm9hnxBoatoWc/s320/Grande%20Tattoo.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Ariana Grande's original tattoo <br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br /> </b></p><p><b>By: Tionna Wesley</b></p><div>Cultural appropriation is nothing new, and has been happening for
many years. One example of this is when Ariana Grande was promoting her
album “Thank U, Next”. During this promotion she sold merchandise that
had Japanese phrases on them, and she also got a tattoo in Japanese that
was supposed to say “7 Rings” but instead translated to “BBQ grill”. <span style="color: var(--color-textDarkest);">The
reason this is cultural appropriation is because Japanese is not her
own language or culture. It seems like she was just hopping on a trend
and hoping that this would get her more sales and listeners for her new
music and merchandise to profit from. She did not even do the proper
research for a Japanese tattoo that will be on her body for the rest of
her life. She did attempt to get it fixed, but even this was still wrong
and read as “”BBQ grill finger”. </span><span style="color: var(--color-textDarkest);">Ariana
Grande definitely could have approached the situation differently and
appreciated the culture. Instead of using their language on merchandise
without consulting anyone she could have possibly partnered with a
Japanese clothing manufacturer. That way she would be speaking with
someone who actually is a part of the culture and some of the profit
would be going there as well. She could have also done the proper
research on what “7 Rings” in Japanese would have actually been so she
could have gotten it right. These things would have shown a lot more
appreciation for the culture than what actually happened.</span></div><div><span style="color: var(--color-textDarkest);"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: var(--color-textDarkest);"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: var(--color-textDarkest);">11 Celebrity Examples of Cultural Appropriation - Seventeen, </span><span style="color: var(--color-textDarkest);">www.seventeen.com/celebrity/g22363821/cultural-appropriation-examples-celebrities/. Feb. 4th 2019.</span></div><p><b> </b><i> </i></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6455072248513237205.post-35867992636705671102023-11-11T01:30:00.043-06:002023-11-11T01:30:00.140-06:00Spotlight on Students: A Discussion on Cultural Appropriation (Part 1)<p><i>This post highlights the work required of my SA 202: Introduction to
Anthropology students. Students were given the opportunity to research and identify an example of <a href="https://humerusrevelations.blogspot.com/2015/09/cultural-appreciation-vs-cultural.html">cultural appropriation</a> and explain how the cultural elements could be appreciated instead. Several students were given the opportunity to have their
exemplary work featured on the blog, and the students who provided
permission have their work featured here in this and the following blog
posts. Please show your appreciation for their work through the
comments.</i></p><p><i><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgo1YWsgbVu8f4_BDu2o9l2BvCiU54BJgAAbTqrKeuUxmTBAH38oHNDZS6J-gkIRV0xFWtJMTPK-YRvYs4sWb6KWcz5Yr8G09-h6Xh2aaXtuGvEHR-giE7i-0jbthHPA40sf1s1e-YzmxxWr_4FDd0FkNx3DwuOuURweHuDUxuj5Xl2FyyGRTJBp1zPDc/s570/Nike%20leggings.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="570" data-original-width="570" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgo1YWsgbVu8f4_BDu2o9l2BvCiU54BJgAAbTqrKeuUxmTBAH38oHNDZS6J-gkIRV0xFWtJMTPK-YRvYs4sWb6KWcz5Yr8G09-h6Xh2aaXtuGvEHR-giE7i-0jbthHPA40sf1s1e-YzmxxWr_4FDd0FkNx3DwuOuURweHuDUxuj5Xl2FyyGRTJBp1zPDc/s320/Nike%20leggings.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Nike's culturally appropriated design on leggings.<br /></td></tr></tbody></table> </i></p><p><b>By: Mason Igou</b></p><p>One example of cultural appropriation that I found was back in 2013
involving a new, trendy design on a pair of their women's leggings.
Within no time, many criticisms and statements surfaced from 2 main
groups, those from Australia and New Zealand. The reason for this
outrage is because the design on the pants closely resembled pe'a, which
is the tattoo men wear in Samoan Culture. This is an example of
cultural appropriation because what was once a male specific symbol and
tattoo, it was now being made for women's clothing, misrepresenting a
once sacred symbol. Another reason that this is an example of cultural
appropriation is because Nike did not do any research in making sure
that this was an appropriate symbol to use, as most companies check with
someone who has a patent or some sort of knowledge on a symbol, this is
evident in a statement by Nike which read, "<span>The Nike Tattoo Tech
collection was inspired by tattoo graphics. We apologize to anyone who
views this design as insensitive to any specific culture. No offense was
intended." (<i>HuffPost, </i>2013)</span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><span>Someone could appreciate the culture without appropriating it
first by doing research and getting in contact with people who practice
this culture to see the real meaning behind some the symbols and
actions. You can also appreciate the culture without appropriating it by
respecting the symbols, like if Nike did their research and found out
that this was a male only tattoo, maybe working closely with people of
this culture to make a clothing line for men that both respects and
honors the culture. In this case, the big takeaway is to do your
research, and don't mess with symbols you don't understand.</span></p>
<p> </p>
<p>“Nike Pulls Tattoo Leggings after Offending Pacific Community.”<span> </span><i>HuffPost</i>, 15 Aug. 2013, www.huffpost.com/entry/nike-tattoo-leggings_n_3763591.</p><p><b> </b></p><p><b><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTC0j1bkqzTYTYa_05ed7oiQpNtEbY9STL7lNYSemTTGlggbsJsybkfdUS1_eI-jyvQMr7VQLMDAl1__uas057F8qEEkAvX6cKDvoMEUPqxEz6LSTyRu6i8hTi691cGC2-lOXkVtR-vwy-sPQhfdUSEvg99yuaXRChDMhSFKBVQzl9tXFoNJolEHke1OQ/s454/Dream%20Catcher.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="454" data-original-width="255" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTC0j1bkqzTYTYa_05ed7oiQpNtEbY9STL7lNYSemTTGlggbsJsybkfdUS1_eI-jyvQMr7VQLMDAl1__uas057F8qEEkAvX6cKDvoMEUPqxEz6LSTyRu6i8hTi691cGC2-lOXkVtR-vwy-sPQhfdUSEvg99yuaXRChDMhSFKBVQzl9tXFoNJolEHke1OQ/s320/Dream%20Catcher.jpg" width="180" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A. Traditional "Dream Catcher", B. Mask used in children's games, C. "Ghost leg" (Bureau of American Ethnology)</td></tr></tbody></table> </b></p><p><b>By: Molly Suthoff</b><b> </b></p><p><b></b></p><div class="message user_content enhanced"><p><span>Cultural appropriation, as defined in </span><i><span>Anthropology: Asking Questions About Human Origins, Diversity, and Culture, </span></i><span>is
"the unilateral decision of one social group to take control over the
symbols, practices, and objects of another" (Welsch et al. 42). In an
easier definition, it is the blatant use of another culture without
acknowledging the history and significance of that culture. An example
of cultural appropriation that is very common in today’s society is the
making and use of dreamcatchers (Karim). Dreamcatchers hold extreme
significance to Native Americans and have history that can be found in
many Native American legends. Today, they are misappropriated by a
plethora of people. The mass creation and selling of dreamcatchers by
non-Native Americans neglects to acknowledge the history and
significance of dreamcatcher's presence in Native American culture. This
is a prime example of cultural appropriation because non-Native
Americans who create and sell dreamcatchers are actively ignoring Native
culture while simultaneously exploiting it too. While dreamcatchers are
often made and sold by non-Natives, which is cultural appropriation, it
is important to note that it is acceptable for Native Americans to make
and sell dreamcatchers because they are aware of and reflect on their
significance (Karim). </span></p>
<p><span>In an effort to avoid cultural appropriation, someone who is
interested in the creation and use of dreamcatchers can do many things
so that they are properly recognizing the significance of dreamcatchers
in Native American cultures. First, they can consult with a Native
American on the proper creation of dreamcatchers and what their place in
Native culture is. This would be a great time to become educated on the
legends that surround the dreamcatcher. Second, they can refrain from
creating the dreamcatchers for profit. Finally, they can abstain from
creating the dreamcatchers at all and stick to learning about the
culture rather than abusing the culture. While it is lovely that people
want to learn about and acknowledge Native American culture, it becomes
useless when they choose to culturally appropriate it. By understanding
the history and legacy of dreamcatchers most cultural appropriation can
be avoided (Johnson).</span></p>
<p><em><span>Works Cited</span></em></p>
<p><span>Johnson, Kaylin. “Dream catchers are more than arts and crafts – The Ferris State Torch.” </span><i><span>The Ferris State Torch</span></i><span>, 13 October 2020, https://fsutorch.com/2020/10/13/dream-catchers-are-more-than-arts-and-crafts/.</span></p>
<p><span>Karim, Nudrat. “Dreamcatchers are not your “aesthetic” — The Indigenous Foundation.” </span><i><span>The Indigenous Foundation</span></i><span>, 30 May 2023, https://www.theindigenousfoundation.org/articles/dreamcatchers.</span></p>
<p><span>Welsch, Robert Louis, et al. </span><i><span>Anthropology: Asking Questions about Human Origins, Diversity, and Culture</span></i><span>. New York, Oxford University Press, 2019.</span></p></div><p></p><p><i> </i></p><p><i> </i></p><p><i><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSU98b126lfCEPqPNnlzphXuw1CAbSEaTfe7QRmmUXzqWhGgAAE8gLkhsEi_TrO6psH4hcxmIIQVnjjpT2POk9G967CyGLqkTSm3g9OpBHuBTdGbINN0rUl3BHzLz6ZFwe0N3oNps0pd0NPjkSxylwUbbGjq8cBc7QJ3Rod53np6ml_faEGRz_KmE09Vg/s492/Grande%20Tattoo.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="394" data-original-width="492" height="256" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSU98b126lfCEPqPNnlzphXuw1CAbSEaTfe7QRmmUXzqWhGgAAE8gLkhsEi_TrO6psH4hcxmIIQVnjjpT2POk9G967CyGLqkTSm3g9OpBHuBTdGbINN0rUl3BHzLz6ZFwe0N3oNps0pd0NPjkSxylwUbbGjq8cBc7QJ3Rod53np6ml_faEGRz_KmE09Vg/s320/Grande%20Tattoo.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Ariana Grande's original tattoo that read "BBQ grill"<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br /> </i></p><p><i> </i><b>By: Kaitlyn Wilbers</b><i><b><br /></b></i></p><div class="message user_content enhanced"><p>An example of cultural
appropriation is Ariana Grande getting a tattoo in Japanese. Grande got a
tattoo that was meant to say "7 rings" as part of the promotion for her
new music album. Instead, Grande's tattoo translates to "BBQ Grill" in
Japanese (Twersky 2019). This is an example of cultural appropriation
because she uses Japanese symbols that she does not know the meaning of.
Numerous amounts of tattoos are considered culturally appropriated.
Some examples are tribal tattoos, sugar skulls, Japanese Kanji tattoos,
and god or goddess tattoos. These are just a few examples of tattoos
that can be cultur<span style="color: var(--ic-brand-font-color-dark); font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem;">ally
appropriated. These are considered culturally appropriated tattoos
because many people get them because they like how they look but do not
know the meaning or research the meaning behind the tattoo they are
getting. Many people get a tattoo simply because they want or like the
design and do no research in advance. Tattoos of this nature are
typically seen as not being culturally appropriate by anyone who is not
in the religion, of that culture, or in that tribe. For example, many
people who are not part of the Maori culture get Maori tribal tattoos or
use the tribal tattoos as inspiration in their own tattoo designs. Many
tribal tattoos aid in distinguishing the higher-ups from the other
citizens and determine the difference between different tribes. Japanese
Kanji tattoos are often culturally appropriated because people who do
not understand the language or speak the language often get Japanese
Kanji tattoos and often do not know the meaning or, in many cases, do
not make sense at all. Such as in the case of Ariana Grande getting a
tattoo in Japanese that she thought read "7 rings" but instead read "BBQ
Grill." There are indeed numerous tattoo styles that are not culturally
appropriate, although it's worth noting that not all tattoos may be
appropriate for every culture. People should research before committing
to the tattoo they are getting to ensure they are not appropriating a
culture. Suppose the research shows that the tattoo is offensive or not
culturally appropriate for that individual. In that case, that person
should not get the tattoo but instead choose a different one out of
respect for that culture. </span></p>
<p>Works Cited</p>
<p>Hunter, Dan. “Cultural Appropriation and Tattoos: Think before You Ink.” <i>AuthorityTattoo</i>, 17 Jan. 2022, authoritytattoo.com/cultural-appropriation-and-tattoos/. Accessed 13 Sept. 2023.</p>
<p>Twersky, Carolyn. "<i>11 Celebrity Examples of Cultural Appropriation" Seventeen</i>, www.seventeen.com/celebrity/g22363821/cultural-appropriation-examples-celebrities/. Accessed 13 Sept. 2023.</p></div><p><i> </i></p><p><i> </i></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6455072248513237205.post-50124280083458426432023-11-04T02:00:00.012-05:002023-11-04T02:00:00.151-05:00Spotlight on Students: Cultural Relativism vs. Ethnocentrism<p><i>This post highlights the work required of my SA 202: Introduction to
Anthropology students. Students were given the opportunity to explore a
different culture through two lenses, cultural relativism and
ethnocentrism, and through this exercise learn about themselves and the
other culture. Several students were given the opportunity to have their
exemplary work featured on the blog, and the students who provided
permission have their work featured here in this and the following blog
posts. Please show your appreciation for their work through the
comments.</i></p><p><i> </i></p><p><i><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi52Xi9fy_DpanQi1y9pnttU4-xfYTG_4zbCPj541qmbY5aXU9kSAyPoj4Vo6mVpM5XsIEymrsv8DmGTjhh7NJDqphyhaXFS6gsT1AWT2XlxA4NgVR8UrLHg5nfCM5QC3KFZCAzHXP0zFyD3agXWGvKVZJet_Os0_7Hz_rJdhy2gneW6LPBktHFrjrgtn0/s305/RHNJ%209.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="305" data-original-width="206" height="305" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi52Xi9fy_DpanQi1y9pnttU4-xfYTG_4zbCPj541qmbY5aXU9kSAyPoj4Vo6mVpM5XsIEymrsv8DmGTjhh7NJDqphyhaXFS6gsT1AWT2XlxA4NgVR8UrLHg5nfCM5QC3KFZCAzHXP0zFyD3agXWGvKVZJet_Os0_7Hz_rJdhy2gneW6LPBktHFrjrgtn0/s1600/RHNJ%209.jpg" width="206" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Cast Photo of the Housewives in Season 9 of the <i>Real Housewives of New Jersey</i><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br /> <br /></i></p><p><b>By: Nichole Voegeli</b><br /></p><p> </p><p><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
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</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="color: #0e101a;">When it
comes to choosing a spouse, in some cultures it is normal for parents to choose
a spouse for their child. In other cultures it is normal to allow individuals
to search for and select their own spouse. For example, in the first episode of
season 9 of the <em><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Real Housewives of New Jersey</span></em>, the
newest Housewife, Jennifer Aydin, was introduced to the existing group of Housewives.
She explained that she was from Turkey and had met her husband through a series
of chaperoned dates and an arranged marriage set up by her parents. The
reactions from the other Housewives were of shock and disbelief, with one
Housewife remarking, “Is she kidding me...” (<i>Real Housewives of New Jersey</i>)
Later on, Mrs. Aydin explained her Turkish culture concerning chaperoned dating
and arranged marriages in an interview with Lindsay Denninger of <em><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Bustle</span></em> magazine. When people
are introduced to a culture different than their own, there are two types of
responses: ethnocentrism and cultural relativism This essay explores the
concepts of ethnocentrism and cultural relativism by providing an
interpretation of the previously described scenario for each. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="color: #0e101a;">As
previously stated, there are two ways one can respond to a culture. The first
type of response is known as ethnocentrism, which is “the assumption that one’s
own way of doing things is correct while dismissing other people’s practices or
views as wrong or ignorant” (Welsch et al. 10). The second type of response is
based on cultural relativism. This response, in contrast, is more understanding
of the other’s culture. According to Welsch et al., the authors of A<em><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">nthropology Asking Questions about Human Origins,
Diversity, and Culture</span></em>, cultural relativism is “the moral and
intellectual principle that one should withhold judgment about seemingly
strange or exotic beliefs and practices” (10). </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="color: #0e101a;">The
reactions of the other Housewives can be interpreted as ethnocentric. Since we
know that ethnocentrism is the preconceived idea that one’s own culture does
things correctly and others do things incorrectly (Welsch et al. 10), it is
evident that their reactions of shock and disbelief can be interpreted as such.
In the show, none of the Wives seemed willing to listen to reason from Mrs.
Aydin; they just expressed their opinions in a manner that showed their
contempt (<em><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Real Housewives of New Jersey).</span></em> One
of the wives, Melissa Gorga, even correlated the practice of arranged marriages
to that of the practices performed in the “Stone Ages” (<em><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Real Housewives of New Jersey</span></em>). To most
Americans the practices performed in the stone age are believed to be barbaric.
Another Housewife, Margaret Joseph, expressed her displeasure with the idea of
chaperoned dates by asking, “How is she supposed to make out with the guy?” (<em><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Real Housewives of New Jersey</span></em>).
Their reactions definitely expressed an ethnocentric point of view when
introduced to a culture different than their own.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="color: #0e101a;">While
the reactions of the Housewives were based on an ethnocentric perspective, the
interview with <i>Bustle</i> displayed cultural relativism. As explained
previously, cultural relativism is where a person looks at different cultures
with an open mind (Welsch et al. 10). The title of the article in Bustle
suggests that the interview was done with an open mind, allowing Mrs. Aydin to
share how her culture works without any judgment. The title of the article is:
“Why the ‘RHONJ’ Cast Shouldn’t Judge Jennifer’s Brother’s Arranged Marriage So
Quickly” (Denninger 1). In the interview with Denninger, Jennifer Aydin was
able to share her country’s culture concerning arranged marriages. Contrary to
general belief, the couples set up by their parents get a say in the
arrangement. (Denninger 1-2). Had the Housewives been open-minded and willing
to listen to Mrs. Aydin’s explanation, they may not have been as judgmental in
their initial reactions. As you can see, the <em><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Bustle</span></em> interview
displayed a cultural relativist point of view towards the Turkish culture of
arranged marriages. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="color: #0e101a;">When reflecting on the two interpretations of the
scenario, I can see how it is important to show compassion and understanding
when introduced to a culture that is different than your own. In the first
interpretation, the women came across as extremely judgmental, which is
generally unacceptable behavior, as it can be hurtful to those being judged. I
would not want to be the one receiving judgment based on a practice or belief
that I grew up thinking was normal. Alternately, the second interpretation was
more compassionate in nature. By withholding judgment, you can learn about
other cultures and better understand why it is normal for that culture. You can
still disagree with it; however, you do not have to be rude. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="color: #0e101a;">Personally, in this scenario, I would have reacted with a
slightly ethnocentric perspective thinking that the poor woman was forced
to marry someone she did not love. I was under the impression that arranged
marriages were wrong because of the various movies and television shows I grew
up watching. After reading the excerpt of the <em><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Bustle</span></em> article,
I understand why it is not as wrong as I had once believed. In the future, I
hope to approach new cultures that I am introduced to with a more culturally
relativistic point of view, allowing me to be more open-minded and
understanding without passing judgment based on my own culture.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">Works
Cited</span></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">Denninger, L. “Why the ‘RHONJ’ Cast
Shouldn’t Judge Jennifer’s Brother’s Arranged Marriage So Quickly.” <i>Bustle</i>,
16 Jan. 2019, pp. 1-2.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">Real Housewives of New Jersey</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">, season 9, episode 1, <i>Bravo</i>,
7 Nov. 2018. <i>YouTube</i>, </span><a href="http://www.youtube.com/fgowHRLGtrA?feature=shared"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">www.youtube.com/fgowHRLGtrA?feature=shared</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">Welsch, Robert L., et al. <i>Anthropology
Asking Questions About Human Origins, Diversity, and Culture. </i>2<sup>nd</sup>
ed., Oxford UP, 2020, p. 10.</span></p>
<p> </p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6455072248513237205.post-74371665368776410232023-10-28T01:30:00.022-05:002023-10-28T01:30:00.141-05:00The Big Bad Wolf: Origins of the Werewolf Lore<p>In recent years, thanks in part to literary fiction and popular
cinema, there has been a resurgence in the interest in the supernatural, including
but not limited to zombies, vampires, and werewolves.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Anthropological inquiry into several of these
supernatural creatures is vast and some has been previously discussed on this
blog.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>One supernatural creation that has
not received as much attention, however, is the werewolf.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This was due to the scarcity of modern and
appropriate literature on the topic, but the popularity of this creature within
the public sphere has bled into the academic one, leading to a greater amount
of reputable evidence to draw upon to sufficiently discuss this topic.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Today’s blog post is going to address the
origins of the werewolf lore, examining how early human beliefs may have been
the foundation for subsequent cultural phenomenon that eventually gave rise to
the werewolf.
</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">First, however, one must define what a werewolf is.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There are various ideas out there, but quite
simply a werewolf is a human who transforms into the form of a wolf.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This form can be a hybrid human-wolf form, or
it can be a full wolf that retains human thoughts but is driven by supernatural
needs for violence and hunger.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Several
hundred years ago it was believed that only men could become werewolves, but
today the belief has spread to include women and children as candidates to
become werewolves.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The ability to
transform into a werewolf has changed over time, as well.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Traditionally, it was believed that transform
could be voluntary or involuntary, and that it was the result of witchcraft (be
it a curse or self-inflicted state) or demonic possession.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It could also be the result of performing any
number of actions, such as drinking water for a wolf’s paw, eating wolf’s
brains, sleeping on the ground on the night of a full moon that lands on a Friday
night, or wearing certain flowers. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In
modern contexts, it is believed that one can be transformed into a wolf either
by hereditable traits or by being bitten by an infected individual.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Some of these ideas are quite similar to the
lore of other supernatural entities (e.g., vampires and zombies), which is due
in part to the evolution of the narratives of supernatural entities and legends
and because for a period of time there was little to no distinction among supernatural
creatures, specifically werewolves, witches, and vampires.</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhuLqEqiGSDKeXdkZpSEqXZqMc9WH0LMZd226GWvFN3M2-VKNtT3f6rajsdOiDVlZgzJpIvTzCxsP9oDwjmVyaId55K8_CVNlQQYSQnljweoId2aWl1VZ9CxskQZtC4MZT47cPvIfiu_3pAuxOY_OJTE6_gJIljKP3F-iwJ1NlcHQBfywkONeXXGtzgD9Y/s390/Lions_painting,_Chauvet_Cave_(museum_replica).jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="333" data-original-width="390" height="273" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhuLqEqiGSDKeXdkZpSEqXZqMc9WH0LMZd226GWvFN3M2-VKNtT3f6rajsdOiDVlZgzJpIvTzCxsP9oDwjmVyaId55K8_CVNlQQYSQnljweoId2aWl1VZ9CxskQZtC4MZT47cPvIfiu_3pAuxOY_OJTE6_gJIljKP3F-iwJ1NlcHQBfywkONeXXGtzgD9Y/s320/Lions_painting,_Chauvet_Cave_(museum_replica).jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Figure 1: Lions painted in the Chauvet Cave (France); 35,000 years ago<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">But where exactly did the werewolf lore come from?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This is a topic that does not have a finite
answer, but there are several ideas out there.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>There are some scholars who cite the <a href="https://humerusrevelations.blogspot.com/2017/04/cave-art-worlds-first-art-galleries.html">original
cave paintings</a> as being the earliest evidence of a belief in the
supernatural.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>These paintings, which began
being created around 30,000 years ago, often depicted animals that were native
to the local area, and while animals that were hunted were painted in areas
where humans regularly occupied those that were considered dangerous and feared
(e.g., lions and wolves) were painted in separate, deeper areas of caves where
human occupants did not regularly frequent (Figure 1).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It has long been hypothesized that these
illustrations, of both hunted and predatory animals, were related to some sort
of hunting magic, and scholars who link the werewolf lore to this cultural phenomenon
claim that the fear of predatory animals, such as wolves, was one that became
foundational to later human cultural groups.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Around this time was also the creation of various early art
pieces, such as human-animal hybrid statuettes (Figure 2).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Scholars use this as evidence to further
support the notion of a belief that human-animal hybrids could exist, although
many archaeological and historical scholars believe that these may just be effigies
to help in hunting or images of godly entities.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>If the fringe idea that these are evidence of a belief in humans being able
to transform into animals then the werewolf idea could have taken root at this
time.</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5RwGLJ-_BFW-MH6CpbAecZlsinxACMmeN-hTtZMVHm2lm7_2s3afpv9MzxOTs87WkhS6ojFBVdwUf7fm8urd22nsshS-ZD1OHZlG_EnMYZlibUJ932lmOowwPGT6PeI0dxi21qpQ85Mhk4ADTG8yiFVHrqJFbrETnkWBLvksKeva0rrjz_uk7CjwMnyU/s580/Lion%20Man.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="466" data-original-width="580" height="257" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5RwGLJ-_BFW-MH6CpbAecZlsinxACMmeN-hTtZMVHm2lm7_2s3afpv9MzxOTs87WkhS6ojFBVdwUf7fm8urd22nsshS-ZD1OHZlG_EnMYZlibUJ932lmOowwPGT6PeI0dxi21qpQ85Mhk4ADTG8yiFVHrqJFbrETnkWBLvksKeva0rrjz_uk7CjwMnyU/s320/Lion%20Man.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Figure 1: The Lion-Man of Hohlenstein-Stadel Cave (Copyright: Ulmer Museum)<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br /> <p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">There is no evidence, however, that the idea of werewolves existed
at this time of early human history.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>This idea did not formally exist, based on written records, until the
ancient Greek and Viking eras (approximately 2000 B.C. to 500 B.C.).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>That leaves a big gap of time between the
foundational ideas related to fears of predatory animals and potentially
human-animal transformations of the Upper Paleolithic era.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This is where the more concrete evidence of
the werewolf lore exist.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As previously
discussed on this blog there are <a href="https://humerusrevelations.blogspot.com/2018/02/anthropological-holism-in-action-using.html">archaeological
sites wherein wolf and early dog remains were found</a>, which were mutilated
in an apparent ritual.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Further discovery
of similar sites and additional study of this phenomenon has turned up some
interesting information.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It appears that
northern European populations practiced rituals wherein young adolescent boys
would be initiated into war bands.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>These
boys would be cast out into the woods and responsible for living off the land,
raiding other villages, and protecting their home villages from invaders.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Their initiations would take place in the
winter time and involve sacrifices of dogs and wolves.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The purpose of these sacrifices was for the
boys to take on the traits of the wolves, which would make them more ferocious,
strong, cut-throat, blood thirsty, and more. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The packs of wild boys would go about acting
like wild animals, taking on traits associated with wolves. The boys would age out
upon reaching adulthood, and they would undergo a new rite of passage acknowledging
this age milestone that would also allow them to reenter society.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The beliefs and rituals attached to the youth
war bands could very well set the stage for the subsequent werewolf lore that
exists today, particularly since the ritual sacrifices of dogs and wolves were
done to give the boys those specific traits, in essence turning them into
wolves.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<h1>Bibliography</h1>
<p class="MsoBibliography" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBibliography" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">Beresford, M. (2013). <i>The White Devil: The
Werewolf in European Culture.</i> London: Reaktion Books Ltd.</span></p><p class="MsoBibliography" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;"></p><p class="MsoBibliography" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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</p><p class="MsoNormal">Guðmundsdóttir, A. (2007). The werewolf in medieval
Icelandic literature. <i>The Journal of English and Germanic Philology</i>, <i>106</i>(3),
277-303.</p><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoBibliography" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">Frost, B. (2003). <i>The Essential Guide to Werewolf
Literature.</i> Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBibliography" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">Jacques-Lefevre, N. (2002). Such an Impure, Cruel,
and Savage Beast: Images of hte Werewolf in Demonological Works. In K.
Edwards, <i>Werewolves, Witches, and Wandering Spirits: Traditional Belief
and Folklore in Early Modern Europe</i> (pp. 181-197). Kirksville: Truman
State University Press.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBibliography" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">Kaliff, A., & Oestigaard, T. (2022). <i>Werewolves,
Warriors and Winter Sacrifices: Unmasking Kivik and Indo-European Cosmology
in Bronze Age Scandinavia.</i> Odeshog: DanagårdLiTHO AB.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBibliography" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">Summers, M. (1933). <i>The Werewolf in Lore and
Legend.</i> London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Tubner, and Co, Ltd.</span><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"></span></p>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgHtx8qQcFGEJNczoZvompWZt2Xy0u2cfux_qGCrghwl8Bv5f9X2rhBrPimFZp2dTZAp5e94-sObEh5D3OXJSkJL2Fzhzyaedwb5JB2e3h5dHa7WKXhljDC_vfjh5Ei_wfeSghk6dYj8OTMF1q4JuHk5wIGaTDpI59dQRNUseq8gFUMEFH6LWD9LGyLDw/s560/Dani%20Woman.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="374" data-original-width="560" height="214" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgHtx8qQcFGEJNczoZvompWZt2Xy0u2cfux_qGCrghwl8Bv5f9X2rhBrPimFZp2dTZAp5e94-sObEh5D3OXJSkJL2Fzhzyaedwb5JB2e3h5dHa7WKXhljDC_vfjh5Ei_wfeSghk6dYj8OTMF1q4JuHk5wIGaTDpI59dQRNUseq8gFUMEFH6LWD9LGyLDw/s320/Dani%20Woman.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Figure 1: Older Dani woman posing with her amputated fingers (Source: <span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-no-proof: yes;">Lichtefeld)</span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<![endif]--></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p class="MsoNormal"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> Experiencing an enormous loss, such as a death of a loved
one, can be a gut-wrenching experience.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Psychologists
recognize that there are several stages associated with grief.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Lay people will often describe the pain as
unbearable, providing no recognition of those aforementioned stages or processes
of experiencing grief.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Cultures around
the globe have specific rituals and rules associated with what is considered
the appropriate means of handling these emotions.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Some cultures around the world practice
rituals that are viewed as extreme compared to Western cultural standards.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Today’s blog post will address one of those
examples: the Ike bulge (grief ritual) of the Dani of Papua New Guinea.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The Dani tribe can be found on the island of Papua New Guinea.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They practice a variety of mortuary
traditions, including mummification of the dead and a grief ritual known as Ike
bulge.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This ritual is no longer
practiced today (as it has been outlawed, citing human rights violations).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The prohibition of this ritual is recent so
older generations of Dani women still exhibit the results of this
tradition.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Ike bulge ritual occurs
among women who lose a family member, such as a child. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>To demonstrate and assuage their grief they
will remove the tip of a finger (Figure 1).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>This practice is also observed as a means of banishing the deceased’s
spirit so it does no harm to the living.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The process of removing the fingertip has been described in
various ways, but there does seem to be some care taken to ensure that it is as
painless as possible.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The woman will
have her finger tightly wrapped with string, which is left there for at least
30 minutes.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This may be to stop the
blood flow to the fingertip, as well as to cause a numbing of it. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There are some reports that claim that the ulnar
nerve in the elbow is hit to cause numbing of the arm, hand, and fingers. The
fingertip is removed by way of ax, and the wound is immediately cauterized.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The attached finger is covered with ash and clay
and wrapped with leaves, which is what is locally available to the Dani people.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The number of fingertips removed on any woman can vary, but
each is symbolic of a loss of a family member.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Those who have suffered more loss in their lifetime would have more
fingertips removed than others who had not.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Again, this practice is outlawed, but older Dani women will exhibit this
tradition in their modified hands.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>From
this we know that there is some loss of dexterity in their affected hands, but
nothing so detrimental to cause them to be unable to practice everyday
necessary actions.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">For those who may feel that this ritual is very extreme you
are encouraged to view it through a <a href="https://humerusrevelations.blogspot.com/2013/05/how-to-think-like-anthropologist.html">culturally relativistic lens</a>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The loss of a loved one can be very great,
and extreme sadness and anger are normal reactions.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A desire to cause harm to others or oneself
is something that many who grieve have reported, as well.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>While in your culture such actions may not be
permissible it is among the Dani, who perform this sacrifice out of respect for
their loved one who they believe would otherwise be trapped on the mortal plane
with no option of escape or relief.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<h1>Works Cited</h1>
<p class="MsoNormal">Ayu, Andira Devi Dwi, et al. "THE TRADITION OF CUTTING
THE FINGERS OF THE DANI TRIBE AS A SYMBOL OF MORNING LOCATED IN PAPUA." <i>Omnibus
Law Journal</i> 2.1 (2022): 34-44.</p>
<p class="MsoBibliography" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">Kirkup, John. "Ritual, Punitive, Legal and
Iatrogenic Causes." <i>A History of Limb Amputation.</i> London:
Springer, 2007. 35-44. Print.</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBibliography" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">Lichtefeld, Chandler. "Grief: Ritual Finger
Amputaion." 24 February 2017. <i>Anthropological Perspectives on Death.</i>
Electronic. 10 July 2023.</span></p>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6455072248513237205.post-49752850211845882782023-10-14T01:30:00.011-05:002023-10-14T01:30:00.146-05:00Taking Matters Into Your Own Hands: Curses in Ancient Athens<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7aEO73RgyCjexKBdWiQxsNRLQl6BSy-QIw3_6xwrhhKGrI5OP89Zo7qa_b8UpEZzvKYLOCi0zQRMLBBpUEDue7NbILwUqlz0UYS7_wEedbqaERxUOIkp5SgUjmMP3w-A4-LV9BT2e7fwsPkODXL497_q8aijXFh9zt0bKqaUIewPbw-dMPIYfz1AlVPg/s526/Cursed%20Athenian%20Pot.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="526" data-original-width="430" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7aEO73RgyCjexKBdWiQxsNRLQl6BSy-QIw3_6xwrhhKGrI5OP89Zo7qa_b8UpEZzvKYLOCi0zQRMLBBpUEDue7NbILwUqlz0UYS7_wEedbqaERxUOIkp5SgUjmMP3w-A4-LV9BT2e7fwsPkODXL497_q8aijXFh9zt0bKqaUIewPbw-dMPIYfz1AlVPg/s320/Cursed%20Athenian%20Pot.jpg" width="262" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Figure 1: A cursed vessel inscribed with the names of 50 individuals. A nail was driven through the vessel and a chicken left within it.<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p class="MsoNormal"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">If you have ever felt a loss of control, then you are
familiar with the need to regain control.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Individuals in these circumstances may engage in a variety of rituals to
ensure they have some semblance of control in uncontrollable situations, such
as wearing a lucky item, performing a sequence of specific tasks, reciting
specific words, phrases, or prayers, or any number of other actions.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>These may seem absurd or silly to you, the reader,
but there are individuals, perhaps even yourself (even if you do not want to
admit it), who hold steadfastly to these ideas.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>This was definitely the case for craftspeople in ancient Athens, who
engaged in ritualized curses of their competitors to ensure economic prosperity
for themselves (the cursors) and economic loss for others (the cursed).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This blog post will address the evidence of
these curses and what archaeologists and classical studies scholars have learned
about Athenian society through the study of cursed objects.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Currently there are around 60 publications related to cursed
items discovered in Athens.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>From these there
are at least 1600 curses recorded dating between the fifth and third centuries
B.C.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>These curses have been inscribed on
a variety of objects, such as pottery (Figure 1), lead tablets, and paper.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> These objects would include names, sometimes occupations, of individuals mean to be cursed, as well as consistently a nail driven through the object. There may be additional items with the cursed object, such as the chicken bones for the vessel in Figure 1, but these do not seem to be consistently present with all cursed objects. </span>They all appear to share one common theme:
they were lodged against individuals over economic disputes.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Individual business owners, their employees,
business associates, as well as any individuals who could affect the outcome of
the dispute (e.g., witnesses, customers, members of the judiciary) are named in
the curses. These individuals are named as they are integral to the financial
success of the cursed individual(s).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Not
only are these individuals identified, but the individual business and the
means of production (e.g., the individual’s body or body parts) are often
noted, too.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Meaning if the cursed
individual is a potter they may have their hands identified as needing to be
cursed or bound by the god(s) the cursor implores to mete out the curse.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">A lot about Athenian daily life can be gleaned given the scale
of evidence of curses and cursed objects discovered to date.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It was previously known that ancient Athenians
had no qualms with curses or engaging in magic.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>It was commonplace, and anyone within society, regardless of gender,
age, socioeconomic status, or occupation, could engage in magic and initiate a
curse against another.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>From additional
evidence found within the greater Athenian area it is clear that the city was a
multi-ethnic urban environment that was also a center of trade and
commerce.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This means that there was more
than likely a great deal of competition among the working class, who not only
competed against other Athenians but foreigners who either visited or
eventually settled within the city.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
precarious nature of their work and its ability to succeed would not have been
guaranteed, leading to a great deal of risk and stress.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It appears to mitigate the feelings related
to this stress Athenian craftspeople and tradespeople turned to magic,
specifically curses.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>While it is
uncertain and impossible to know if these curses actually worked it does seem
that they were an effective coping mechanism over the two centuries they were
used.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Furthermore, they provide scholars
the opportunity to better understand the daily life of the common people in the
city, which is a rare and worthwhile opportunity that means these curses are a
blessing to scholars today.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<h1>References</h1>
<p class="MsoBibliography" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">Lamont, J. L. (2015). A NEW COMMERCIAL CURSE TABLET
FROM CLASSICAL ATHENS. <i>Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik</i>,
159–174.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBibliography" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">Lobell, J. A. (2022, May/June). Artifact. <i>Archaeology
Magazine</i>, p. 1.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBibliography" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">Venticinque, P. (2022). Bound for Success: Cursing
and Commerce in Classical Athens. . <i>Greece & Rome</i>, 52-71.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com5tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6455072248513237205.post-6126654776577270762023-10-07T01:30:00.007-05:002023-10-07T01:30:00.252-05:00Death Becomes Them: The Origins and History of Idioms Related to Death<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Closing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwFSzrHOhUOKIDX2SGx7fITqTP3ldMdg9AtH-IWkii7MIaQpqAfmWTw5-BbwpPp7quoAZntPW6s-QvITwtAYIkqpIfriVHyv1js-1w8oiLjwTMnmlTuwJvXuqeUA6a7Kf3Yg2bxMPuUHSSukOk34xa3vFKhvdrXLWlUfBOMi2Tuy6YnYocqC033g6Bt-s/s604/Cemetery.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="604" data-original-width="453" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwFSzrHOhUOKIDX2SGx7fITqTP3ldMdg9AtH-IWkii7MIaQpqAfmWTw5-BbwpPp7quoAZntPW6s-QvITwtAYIkqpIfriVHyv1js-1w8oiLjwTMnmlTuwJvXuqeUA6a7Kf3Yg2bxMPuUHSSukOk34xa3vFKhvdrXLWlUfBOMi2Tuy6YnYocqC033g6Bt-s/s320/Cemetery.jpg" width="240" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Photograph of Graceland Cemetery in Chicago, Illinois (Source: Boston, C)<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><p class="MsoNormal"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">It is said that when there are various ways of talking about
a subject it must have value.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Consider
the number of ways of talking about love or money.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Unfortunately, the value attached to a
specific does not have to be positive, such as in the case of talking about
death.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>European languages have numerous idioms/phrases
related to death.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This demonstrates the
importance of death within these cultural groups, particularly the apparent
fear and discomfort the topic brings with it.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Death comes to everyone at some point, making it an inevitability.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The creation of various phrases surrounding
death provides us insights into cultural values over time, which is the topic
of today’s blog post.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>You will learn
about those values and the changes to them over time as we discuss three phrases
related to death: kick the bucket, dead as a doornail, and pushing up daisies.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><u>Kick the Bucket</u></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">This phrase is a relatively new one in the English language,
and it is also one of the more poorly understood ones.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>To kick the bucket is to reference that
someone is dead, which in and of itself does not provide much in the way of
contexts or values attached to the phrase.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>It was first recorded in the late 1700s, although which source published
the phrase first is debated.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There are
some that say it was first recorded in a British serial, whereas others claim
it was in a vulgar phrase book.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Neither
provides much in the way of substance information concerning the origins and
original meaning, however.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Many attribute the phrase to reference suicides.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The notion of kicking the bucket comes from
the idea that individuals who commit suicide would stand on a bucket and “kick”
it from underneath their feet to initiate suffocation from being hanged.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There is no recorded evidence that supports
this assertion, however.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Other explanations attribute the phrase to the butchery of
animals.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The name of the rack that animals
are hung from was originally called a bucket, and it was supposed that as animals
were killed they would kick that rack.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>This, however, is also doubtful as most butchers do not hang live animals.
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They wait for the animal to already be
dead before hanging it for dressing/butchery purposes.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Furthermore, there is no written or oral
evidence of butchers exclusively using the phrase in reference to their
occupational responsibilities.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">There remains one additional explanation for the origins of
this phrase: Catholic mortuary rituals.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Some claim that Catholics would bring in a bucket of holy water to sit
at the feet of a dying individual, and the holy water would be sprinkled upon
the body at death.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This, too, is
doubted, though.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Ultimately, the origins of kick the bucket remain unknown,
although it is considered a humorous way of discussing death.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><u>Dead as a Doornail</u></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Dead as a doornail is a phrase that does not just reference
death but the finality of death.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>To say someone
or something is dead as a doornail is to mean that they are really dead.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As in there is no chance of return.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They are definitely dead.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">This phrase was first used in 1350 by William Langland in his
poem, <i>Guillaume de Palerne</i>, which he wrote in French.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He used the phrase in another poem 20 years
later.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Just over 200 years later Shakespeare
appropriated the phrase in one of his plays, followed by Charles Dickens when
he wrote <i>The Christmas Carol</i>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>To be
dead as… is a popular euphemism, but the origins of why a doornail was chosen
are actually known.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Before the
Industrial Revolution and the advent of machine forged tools and technology
items were handmade, nails included.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>They were painstakingly crafted and considered a hot commodity, so much
so that if a building was torn or burned down people would take great care in
recovering the nails.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If the nail was
rendered unusable due to it being hammered incorrectly it was considered
dead.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This is why dead as a doornail means
to be dead dead because much like that incorrectly hammered nail there is no
coming back and being useful after death.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><u>Pushing Up Daisies</u></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Pushing up daisies is a relatively newer phrase added to the
English lexicon, but it may have actually had French origins. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This phrase makes reference to death and flowers,
conjuring up imagery of the flowers either laid to rest at a grave or that take
over after the ground is disturbed by digging and covering a grave.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">This phrase comes from British slang that was used by soldiers
who fought during the first World War, and it was made famous/public in 1918 in
a poem by Wilfred Owen.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Her poem made
reference to the graves of the fallen soldiers who lost their lives during the
war. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It is believed that the British
soldiers may have borrowed this phrase from their French compatriots as there
is actually a French phrase that is quite similar: <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">eating the dandelion at the root.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This phrase was first published by Victor
Hugo in his book <i>Les Miserables</i>, and much like pushing up daisies it
references graves, death, and flowers.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span></p>
<h1>Works Cited</h1>
<p class="MsoBibliography" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">Crotty, David. "Dead as a Doornail ." 19
November 2021. <i>The Scholarly Kitchen.</i> Electronic. 7 July 2023.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBibliography" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">Dictionary.com. "Pushing Up Daisies." 2022.
<i>Dictionary.com.</i> Electronic. 7 July 2023.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBibliography" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">Liberman, Anatoly. "More on idioms: “kick the
bucket”." 16 February 2016. <i>Oxford University Press.</i> Electronic. 7
July 2023.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBibliography" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">Martin, Gary. <i>The Phrase Finder</i>. n.d.
Electronic. 7 July 2023.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBibliography" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">No Author. "The Meanings Behind Famous Floral
Sayings." 16 October 2018. <i>Fresh Trimmings.</i> Electronic. 7 July
2023.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBibliography" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">Quinion, Michael. "Kick the Bucket." 5
March 2016. <i>World Wide Words.</i> Electronic. 7 July 2023.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
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